topic 5

• the testies are surrounded by 2 tunics

  tunica vaginalis and tunica albuginea
• tunica vaginalis


  is derived from peritonem
• tunica albuginea


  is fibrous capsule
• speta divides the testies

  into 250-300 lobules
• each testis lobule contains

  1-4 seminiferous tubules
• sperm pass through in order

  seminiferous tubules, tubulus rectus, rete testies, efferent ductules, epididymis
• the male duct system

  epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
• Male Duct System: Epididymis


  nonmotile sperm enter and slowly become motile. during ejaculation the epididymis contracts, expelling sperm into the ductus deferens
• male duct system ductus deferens


  sperm travels through this duct from the epididymis to the short ejactory duct
• male duct system ejaculatory duct

  enters the prostate, and there it empties into the urethra
• male duct system urethra

  conveys both urine and semen. has three regions: prostatic urethra, membranous urethra and sponge urethra
• seminiferous tubule


  site of sperm production
• sustentocytes (sertoli cells)


  help in the process of sperm formation, they provide physical support and nutrients for developing sperm, they behave as nurse cells, form testicular fluids and produce the androgen binding proteins that help concentrate the level of testosterone in plasma, they form the blood testes barrier to protect the developing sperm, they secret inhibin
• interestital endocrine cells


  stimulated by lutenizing hormone to produce testosterone
• myoid cells


  responsible for the contraction of the seminiferous tubules to transport spermatozoa and testicular fluid to the rete testes
• ovaries tunica


  fibrous tunica albuginea covered by germinal epithelium
• stages of follicular maturation

  primordial follicle

  primary follicle

  secondary follicle

  late secondary follicle

  vesicular follicle

  ovulation

  corpus luteum
• primordial follicle


  squamous like follicle cells + oocyte
• primary follicle


  Cuboidal or columnar follicle cells + oocyte.
• secondary follicle


  two or more layers of granulosa cells + oocyte
• late secondary follicle


  Contains fluid-filled space between granulosa cells
• vesicular follicle


  Fluid-filled antrum forms; follicle bulges from ovary surface
• ovulation


  ejection of oocyte from ripening follicle
• corpus luteum


  develops from ruptured follicle after ovulation
• in the absence of pregnancy or prior to it, what is the source of progesterone


  the corpus lutem
• during pregnancy what is the source of progesterone

  the placenta
• estrogen and progesterone are lowest

  in the menstrual phase
• ovarian cycle


  Monthly series of events associated with the maturation of an egg
• phases of ovarian cycle

  follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase
• follicular phase


  period of follicular growth

  days 1-4

  the primordial follicle is activated and enlarges to become a primary follicle, to a secondary follicle with granulosa cells around the oocyte

  the secondary follicle turns to late secondary follicle with a zona pellucida around the oocyte, then into a vesicular follicle
• ovulation phase


  occurs mid cycle, ovary wall ruptures and expels the secondary oocyte
• luteal phase


  period of corpus luteum activity

  days 14-28

  ruptured follicle collapses

  granulosa cells and internal thecal cells from corpus luteum

  corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen
• uterine cycle


  cyclic changes in endometrium in response to ovarian hormones
• three phases of the uterine cycle

  menstrual, proliferative, secretory
• menstrual phase


  1-5 days

  ovarian hormones at their lowest

  gonadotropins are beginning to rise

  stratum functionalis is shed and menstrual flow occurs
• proliferative phase


  6-14 days

  preovulation

  estrogen levels prompt generation of new functional layer and increased synthesis of progesterone receptors in endometrium

  glands enlarge and spiral arteries increase in number
• secretory phase


  15-28 days

  rising progesterone level prompt a further development of endometrium, glandular secretion of glycogen and formation of the cervicale mucus plug
• disorders of the reproductive system


  cancers of the reproductive system

  hormonal imbalances

  sexually transmitted infections

  functional problems
• cancers of the reproductive system

  prostate, penile, and testicular

  cervical, ovarian, and uterine

  breast cancer
• hormone imbalances


  natural: menopause, gynecomastia, polycystic ovary syndrome, hirsutism, turner syndrome, amenorrhea, puberty-associated fluctuations

  non-natural: caused by use of anabolic steroids, anti-androgens to treat prostate problems, medication induced changes