blood

• Tissue

  Differentiated by their cellular elements and extracellular matrix
• Types of tissue

  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Nervous
  • Muscle
• Epithelial tissue


  • Has tightly packed cells or elements that are flat, cuboidal, or columnar
  • The interstitial fluid is very minimal or nonexistent
• Connective tissue


  • Consists of elongated cells
  • The interstitial fluid have moderate amount
• Blood


  Specialized connective tissue due to its constituents
• Blood is composed of cellular elements which includes WBC, RBC, and platelets which are all derived from hematopoietic stem cells
• Blood is composed of cells and extracellular matrix more abundant than the former
• Globular proteins

  Make blood liquid in nature, not gel-like/colloidal unlike other connective tissue
• Functions of blood

  • Oxygen and nutrient transport
  • Transport of hormones
  • Hemostasis
  • Immunity
  • Removal of waste products
  • Body temperature regulation
  • Maintaining osmotic balance
  • Maintaining acid-base balance or pH
• Physical characteristics of blood

  • 5-6L of blood is present on a human on average depending on body weight
  • Comprises 7-8% of body weight
  • pH: 7.35-7.45 (slightly alkaline)
  • Viscosity: about 5 times as viscous as water
  • Temperature: about 38°C
  • Arterial Blood: oxygenated blood, bright red in color
  • Venous Blood: deoxygenated blood, dark red in color
  • Capillary Blood: mixture of arterial and venous blood along with interstitial and intracellular fluids
• Composition of blood

  • Plasma
  • Buffy coat
  • RBC or Erythrocytes
• Plasma components

  • Water (92% of plasma)
  • Plasma proteins (7% of plasma)
  • Albumin (58% of plasma proteins)
  • Globulins (37% of plasma proteins)
  • Fibrinogen (4% of plasma proteins)
  • Regulatory proteins (>1% of plasma proteins)
  • Other Solutes (~1% of Blood Plasma)
• Erythrocyte (Red blood cell)


  • Devoid of any nucleus and described as anucleate cell (no nucleus)
  • Contains hemoglobin- O2 carrying protein
  • Color: Salmon pink
  • Shape: Biconcave disk
  • Diameter: 7-8 micrometers
  • Thickness: 2.5 micrometers
  • With central pallor 1/3 of cell diameter
  • Lifespan: 120 days (3 months)
  • Flexible cells to fit the microvasculature
  • Normal concentration: WOMEN: 3.9-5.5 million/μL, MEN: 4.1-6.0 million/μL
  • Function: Transport of oxygen
• Thrombocyte (Platelet)

  • Anucleate
  • Cytoplasmic fragments of Megakaryocytes, considered to be the largest bone marrow cells
  • Diameter: 2-4 μm/2.5 μm on average
  • Lifespan: 8-11 days
  • Shape: Circular to irregular
  • Color: lavender, and is granular
  • Contains granules
  • Normal concentration: 150-450 million/μL
  • Function: Blood coagulation
• Leukocyte (White blood cell)

  • Granulocytes (with distinct granules that exhibit distinct staining affinity)
  • Agranulocytes (with severely clear cytoplasm devoid of large granules but possess cytoplasmic granules such as small lysosomes)
  • Polymorphonuclear (shows nuclear segmentation creating multiple lobulations)
  • Mononuclear (with simple nuclear morphology)
  • Phagocytes (capable of phagocytosis or engulfment and killing of microorganisms)
  • Immunocyte (capable of producing antibodies for immune response)
• Arrangement of WBCs from most abundant to least

  • Neutrophils
  • Lymphocytes
  • Monocytes
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
• Neutrophil


  • Average size: 10-15 μm
  • It has 3-5 lobes which is separated by nuclear filaments
  • Cytoplasm stains light pink with a grainy appearance due to the presence of secondary granules that is pinkish in staining, while primary granules have purple stain
• Eosinophil

  • Average size: 12-17 μm
  • They have bilobed nucleus that is segmented with 2 lobes and stains dark purple
  • Cytoplasm contains large spherical granules that stains orange hue
• Basophil


  • Average size: 10-14 μm
  • Nucleus is stained purple, bilobed, but difficult to see because of the overlying granules that stains blue black or dark violet, and is water soluble
• Lymphocyte

  • Average size: 6-12 μm
  • The nucleus is described as the purple staining, compact, with dense clumps; may be round or oval in shape
  • Cytoplasm stains to bright sky blue and may contain few prominent azurophilic granules
• Monocyte


  • Average size: 12-20 μm
  • Appears to be the largest WBC
  • The nucleus is described as round, horse-shoe shaped, kidney-shaped, convoluted in shape
  • The cytoplasm is abundant with gray blue containing indistinct granules giving it a ground-glass appearance
• Types of tissue


  • Epithelial tissue
  • Connective tissue
  • Nervous Tissue
  • Muscle Tissue
• Tissue types


  • Differentiated by their cellular elements and extracellular matrix
  • Epithelial tissue has tightly packed cells or elements that are flat, cuboidal, or columnar and the interstitial fluid is very minimal or nonexistent
  • Muscle tissue consists of elongated cells and the interstitial fluid have moderate amount
• Blood


  Specialized connective tissue
• Blood


  • Composed of cellular elements which includes WBC, RBC, and platelets which are all derived from hematopoietic stem cells
  • Composed of cells and extracellular matrix more abundant than the former
  • Considered specialized because unlike other types of connective tissue, blood does not contain fibrous proteins but rather globular proteins
  • Globular proteins make blood liquid in nature, not gel-like/colloidal unlike other connective tissue

  
• Functions of blood


  • Oxygen and nutrient transport
  • Transport of hormones
  • Hemostasis
  • Immunity
  • Removal of waste products
  • Body temperature regulation
  • Maintaining osmotic balance
  • Maintaining acid-base balance or pH
• Physical characteristics of blood

  • 5-6L of blood is present on a human on average depending on body weight
  • Comprises 7-8% of body weight
  • pH: 7.35-7.45 (slightly alkaline)
  • Viscosity: about 5 times as viscous as water
  • Temperature: about 38°C
  • Color: Arterial blood is bright red, venous blood is dark red, capillary blood is a mixture

  
• Composition of blood


  • Plasma
  • Buffy coat
  • RBC or Erythrocytes

  
• Blood


  Specialized connective tissue composed of cells and extracellular matrix, more abundant than the former

  
• Blood


  • Considered specialized because unlike other types of connective tissue, blood does not contain fibrous proteins but rather globular proteins
  • Globular proteins make blood liquid in nature, not gel-like/colloidal unlike other connective tissue

  
• Functions of blood


  • Oxygen and nutrient transport
  • Transport of hormones
  • Hemostasis
  • Immunity
  • Removal of waste products
  • Body temperature regulation
  • Maintaining osmotic balance
  • Maintaining acid-base balance or pH
• Physical characteristics of blood

  • 5-6L of blood is present on a human on average depending on body weight
  • Comprises 7-8% of body weight
  • pH: 7.35-7.45
  • Viscosity: about 5 times as viscous as water
  • Temperature: about 38°C
  • Color: depending on oxygen content

  
• Plasma components


  • Water (92% of plasma)
  • Plasma proteins (7% of plasma)
  • Other Solutes (~1% of Blood Plasma)

  
• Plasma proteins


  • Albumin (58% of plasma proteins)
  • Globulins (37% of plasma proteins)
  • Fibrinogen (4% of plasma proteins)
  • Regulatory proteins (>1% of plasma proteins)
• Types of blood


  • Arterial Blood- oxygenated blood, bright red in color
  • Venous Blood- deoxygenated blood, dark red in color
  • Capillary Blood- mixture of arterial and venous blood along with interstitial and intracellular fluids

  
• Plasma components


  • Water (~92% of plasma)
  • Plasma proteins (~7% of plasma)
  • Albumin (~58% of plasma proteins)
  • Globulins (~37% of plasma proteins)
  • Fibrinogen (~4% of plasma proteins)
  • Regulatory proteins (>1% of plasma proteins)
  • Electrolytes
  • Nutrients
  • Gases
  • Wastes
• Erythrocyte (Red blood cell)

  • Anucleate
  • Contains hemoglobin- O2 carrying protein
  • Color: Salmon pink
  • Shape: Biconcave disk
  • Diameter: 7-8 micrometers
  • Thickness: 2.5 micrometers
  • With central pallor 1/3 of cell diameter
  • Lifespan: 120 days
  • Flexible cells to fit the microvasculature

  
• Erythrocyte (Red blood cell) concentration

  • 3.9-5.5 million/µL in women
  • 4.1-6.0 million/µL in men

  
• Erythrocyte (Red blood cell) function

  Transport of oxygen
• Thrombocyte (Platelet)


  • Anucleate
  • Cytoplasmic fragments of Megakaryocytes
  • Diameter: 2-4 µm/2.5 µm on average
  • Lifespan: 8-11 days
  • Circular to irregular, lavender, and granular
  • Contains granules