Carbohydrates

• what are the polymers of carbohydrates

  cellulose, starch, glycogen
• What are isomers and name an example.

  Two molecules that have the molecular formula but different structures

  an example of an isomer

  Glucose - alpha with Hydrogen at top and hydroxyl at bottom

  beta with hydroxyl at top and hydrogen at bottom
• Which carbohydrates are reducing and which are non-reducing

  reducing : they reduce Benedict’s Monosaccharides: Glucose, Fructose,Galactose

  Disaccharides: Maltose & Lactose

  Non Reducing : they reduce Benedict’s after hydrolysis

  Disaccharide: Sucrose
• Source of each disaccharide?

  Sucrose: Energy storage Lactose: Found in milk

  Maltose: Product of starch digestion
• What is the difference between non-reducing and reducing sugars

  Reducing sugars can donate an electron so they can be oxidised unlike non reducing sugars
• Which known monomers make known disaccharides

  Sucrose = α-glucose + fructose

  Maltose = α-glucose + glucose

  Lactose = glucose + β-galactose (joined by a glycosidic bond)
• State Structure,Location & Function of starch

  Storage in plants,found in chloroplast

  Amylose(1,4) and Amylopectin (1,6)

  Insoluble -doesn’t affect water potential

  Branched from amylopectin - increased SA for rapid Hydrolysis

  Linear/Helix shape from amylose - makes compact to fit alot in small space
• State structure, location and function of Glycogen

  Store in animal,found in muscle and liver cells

  Glucose (1,4) (1,6) & more 1,6

  Insoluble - won’t affect water potential

  Highly branched - increases SA for even more rapid hydrolysis & compact
• State structure,location and function of cellulose

  Beta glucose (1,4)

  provides structure&strength found in cell wall

  Fibril structure - many hydrogen bonds holding long straight chains in parallel

  Insoluble - won’t affect water potential

  Many hydrogen bonds - means collective strength