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sexual reproduction in humans
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Cards (19)
Vagina
A canal linking the cervix of the uterus to the
outside
of the body. Birth canal, accommodates
penis
during sexual intercourse.
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Cervix
Opening through which the
foetus
exits during
childbirth.
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Uterus
Organ which provides
protection
and support for the embryo and foetus prior to
birth.
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Fallopian tube
Tubes connecting the
ovaries
and the
uterus.
The ovum travels down the fallopian tube during ovulation.
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Ovaries
Organs which produce ova and secrete hormones. Homologous to the testis.
Cortex (
outermost
layer, made up of stroma and developing
follicles
)
Medulla (made up of stroma,
blood vessels
, and
nerves
)
Hilum (innermost layer, made up of
blood vessels
and
nerves
)
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Penis
An organ which delivers
sperm
to the
vagina
during sexual intercourse.
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Scrotum
Provides
protection
for the
testis.
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Epididymis
Storage for
spermatozoa.
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Vas
deferens
Duct which connects
epididymis
and
ejaculatory
duct.
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Testis
Glands
which produce
spermatozoa
and hormones. Homologous to the ovaries.
Lobules
divided by
septa
Seminiferous tubules
(where
spermatozoa
are manufactured)
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Spermatogenesis
1. Primordial germ cells divide to form
spermatogonia
2.
Spermatogonia
grow to form
primary spermatocytes
3. Primary spermatocytes undergo first
meiotic division
to form
secondary spermatocytes
4. Secondary spermatocytes undergo second
meiotic division
to form
spermatids
5.
Spermatids
differentiate and grow to form
spermatozoa
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Oogenesis
1. Primordial germ cells divide to form
oogonia
2. One
oogonium
continues to grow to form a primary
oocyte
3. First
meiotic
division forms one secondary oocyte and one
polar
body
4. Second
meiotic
division of secondary oocyte forms one ootid and one
polar
body
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Fertilisation
1.
Sperm
cluster around
ovum
, one penetrates zona pellucida
2.
Acrosome
reaction,
membranes
fuse
3.
Cortical
reaction,
meiosis II
completes
4.
Chromosomes
combine to form
diploid zygote
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Implantation
1.
Zygote
undergoes cleavage to form
blastocyst
2. Blastocyst develops villi and
implants
in
uterine
lining
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Endocrine glands
Glands
which secrete hormones directly into the
bloodstream
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Menstrual cycle
1. Day 1
- Menstruation, FSH stimulates
follicle growth
, oestrogen increases
2. Day 14
- Ovulation, LH surge causes
follicle rupture
3. Day 15 - Luteal phase,
corpus luteum
secretes
oestrogen
and progesterone
4. Day 28 - If unfertilised,
corpus luteum shrinks
,
oestrogen
and progesterone fall
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Birth
1.
Uterus
stretches, triggers
oestrogen
release
2.
Oestrogen
increases sensitivity to oxytocin
3.
Oxytocin
causes uterine contractions, positive feedback loop
4.
Oxytocin
inhibits
progesterone
, placenta detaches
5.
Prolactin
peaks, promotes
lactation
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Placenta
Enables transfer of
substances
between mother and foetus
Secretes human chorionic gonadotropin, maintains
corpus luteum
and
hormone levels
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The
placenta
is large, thin, and has a rich countercurrent
blood supply
to maximise diffusion of substances
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