CHEMISTRY EXAM

• Ethyne


  Chemical formula C2H2
• Ethene


  Chemical formula C2H4
• Ethane


  Chemical formula C2H6
• Octane


  Chemical formula C8H16
• Butyne


  Chemical formula C4H6
• Undecene


  Chemical formula C11H20
• Tridecane


  Chemical formula C13H26
• Ethane


  Chemical formula C2H6
• Common laboratory apparatuses

  • Beaker
  • Erlenmeyer's flask
  • Test tube
  • Graduated cylinder
  • Pipette
  • Burette
  • Watch glass
  • Stirring rod
  • Petri dish
  • Analytical balance
  • Centrifuge
  • Hot plate
  • Volumetric flask
  • Clay pot
  • Bunsen burner
  • Gloves
  • Laboratory goggles/safety goggles
  • Retort stand
  • Crucible and cover
  • Mortar and pestle
  • Incubator
  • Test tube holder
  • Wire gauze
  • Test tube rack
  • Clamp
  • Filter paper
• Alcohol


  Psychoactive substance known as a depressant
• Ethene


  Chemical formula C2H4
• Ethyne


  Chemical formula C2H2
• A laboratory is a controlled environment where scientific experiments, research, measurements, and analyses are conducted
• In Avogadro's law there is a direct relationship between the amount of gas (n) and volume (v)
• As the number of carbons remains the same, the number of hydrogens decreases from ethane to ethene to ethyne
• Laboratories are typically equipped with specialized apparatus, instruments, and facilities tailored to the specific needs of the research or experimentation being carried out
• Laboratories can vary greatly in size, scope, and purpose, ranging from small academic settings to large industrial complexes
• Gas is much less dense than solids and liquids
• This is because as the number of carbon-carbon bonds increases, the number of carbon-hydrogen bonds decreases
• In a laboratory, scientists, researchers, technicians, or students perform experiments to test hypotheses, gather data, and advance scientific knowledge in various fields such as chemistry, biology, physics, medicine, engineering, and more
• Inorganic chemistry


  • Includes the study of minerals, metals, salts, coordination compounds, and other substances
• Laboratories adhere to strict safety protocols to ensure the well-being of personnel and to maintain the integrity of experiments and research outcomes
• pH


  Potential of hydrogen or power of hydrogen, representing the concentration of hydrogen ions (H⁺) in a solution, which determines its acidity or basicity

  
• Problem 6


  1. Recipe recommends 180°C

  2. Convert to Fahrenheit
• Analytical chemistry


  • Involves the development and application of techniques and methods to analyze the presence and concentration of chemical components in a sample
• The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral

  
• Biochemistry


  • Involves the study of the structure, function, and interactions of molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates
• Litmus paper


  A simple and commonly used tool in chemistry to test the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of a solution, made from paper treated with a natural water-soluble dye derived from lichens, called litmus
• Chemistry


  Provides insights into the nature of substances and the principles governing their interactions
• Organic compounds


  The name for a whole range of molecules that are formed when oxygen and hydrogen atoms bind with an atom of carbon
• Litmus paper types


  • Blue
  • Red
• Drug


  Any substance that, when introduced into the body, affects its functioning or structure
• Blue litmus paper


  Turns red in acidic solutions and remains blue in basic or neutral solutions
• Smoking


  A prevalent and harmful human behavior involving the inhalation of smoke produced by burning substances, most commonly tobacco
• Distillation


  • A proportion of the water is removed, leaving a stronger concentration of alcohol in the final product
• Red litmus paper


  Turns blue in basic solutions and remains red in acidic or neutral solutions
• Smoking


  • Introduces numerous toxic compounds, including nicotine, tar, and various carcinogens, into the body
  • Nicotine, a highly addictive substance present in tobacco, influences the central nervous system, leading to dependency
  • The combustion of tobacco generates a complex mixture of chemicals that can severely impact the respiratory system, cardiovascular health, and overall well-being
  • Prolonged smoking is strongly linked to an increased risk of various diseases, such as lung cancer, cardiovascular ailments, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and a multitude of other health complications
• Fermentation


  • Chemical reaction where yeast or bacteria react with the sugars in the other ingredients
• Litmus paper is widely used in laboratories, classrooms, and various industries for qualitative pH testing
• Acetaldehyde


  Ethanol is metabolized in the liver then enzymes break down ethanol into this toxic substance