Chapter 6

• The two layers of membranes on a mitochondria:

  1. A smooth outer layer
  2. A rippled inner membrane or crystal membrane
• Overall, the net output of aerobic cellular respiration is water
• First stage of aerobic cellular respiration is: Glycolysis
• Glycolysis takes place in the cytosol
• The input of glycolysis is:

  1 glucose (C6H12O6)

  2 ADP + 2Pi

  2 NAD+ + 2H+
• The output of glycolysis is:

  2 pyruvate

  2 ATP

  2 NADH
• The second stage of aerobic cellular respiration is: Krebs cycle
• Krebs cycle takes place in the matrix, it will not take place if there is no oxygen available to the cell
• The input of Krebs cycle is:

  2 pyruvate

  8 NAD+

  2 ADP

  2 Pi

  2 FAD
• The output of Krebs cycle is:

  6 CO2

  8 NADH

  8 H+

  2 ATP

  2 FADH2
• In the Krebs cycle, all the carbon and oxygen is released as CO2, this creates more high-energy coenzymes: 2 ATP, 8 NADH, and 2 FADH2
• The third stage of aerobic cellular respiration is: Electron transport chain
• Electron chain transport takes place on the cristae
• THE PROCESS OF ELECTRON CHAIN TRANSPORT

  1. Electron Release
  2. Electron Movement
  3. Energy Loss
  4. Hydrogen Pumping
  5. ATP Synthesis
  6. Oxygen Acceptance
• The input of electron chain transport is:

  6 oxygen (O2) + 12 H+

  26 or 28 ADP + 26 or 28 Pi

  10 NADH

  2 FADH2
• The output of electron chain transport is:

  6 water (H2O)

  26 or 28 ATP

  10 NAD+ + 10 H+

  2 FAD + 4 H+

  The NAD+ and FAD are recycled for continued use in glycolysis and Kreb cycle
• What happens in alcohol fermentation in yeasts?

  The first stage is glycolysis, first it begins with glucose getting broken into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules, as a result NADH molecules and two molecules of adenosine triphosphate (adenosine P-P-P) is produced.
• Why does alcohol fermentation occur?

  It happens in yeast cells because there is no oxygen available to the cell, meaning both the Kreb cycle and electron chain transport won't work.
• Water (H2O)


  The net output of aerobic cellular respiration, formed during the electron transport chain stage when oxygen combines with protons and electrons.
• Oxygen


  A reactant necessary for aerobic cellular respiration to occur, serving as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
• Glycolysis


  The first stage of aerobic cellular respiration, where glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate, releasing a small amount of energy.
• Electron transport chain


  The third stage of aerobic cellular respiration, where high-energy electrons are passed along a series of protein complexes, releasing energy that is used to pump protons across a membrane and synthesize ATP.
• Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)

  The second stage of aerobic cellular respiration, where pyruvate is further broken down and converted into ATP, carbon dioxide, and high-energy electrons.