Chapter 7divisions over religion

• what religion was most of the political nation at the centre of the Jacobethan balance?


  calvinist
• who do they tolerate?

  moderate puritans and arminians
• why was arminianism more appealing to most?

  had an emphasis on music, ceremony and images which contrasted and was more appealing than puritanism which has an emphasis on long sermons and continuous self reflection
• when and why is the term Laudians promoted?

  when William Laud was promoted as archbishop of canterbury in 1633 his anti-calvinist arminian views become increasingly promoted in the churches of england
• what were the 2 key characteristics of Laudianism?

  1. rejection of predestination - the idea someone's salvation is pre-decided by god and not dependant on the life they lead

  2. less emphasis on the bible and preaching - more emphasis on ritual and ceremony
• how does charles break the Jacobethan balance?

  by what year are most protestants united against charles?

  -by siding with Laudianism and trying to impose new restrictive religious uniformity

  -1940
• what were the 6 key changes that Laudianism brings about?

  1. moving of communion tables to the east end of church and being railed off as an altar

  2. increased emphasis on ceremony

  3. decorations in churches like stained glass windows

  4. increased use of music within services

  5. ministers being dressed with vestments not plain robes

  6. removal of ornamental pews
• how did puritans in control of churches view these changes?

  said these changed emphasised all that's wrong with Catholicism and were elements of idolatry
• how does the emphasis on ceremony mirror catholicism?

  how did puritans view it?

  -the church services were listed on a catechism (list of set statements laid out in the prayer book)

  -this gave the church services order

  -puritans viewed it as moving away from the bible and the word of god
• how did Laud limit Puritan preaching?

  what did it aim to do?

  1. limited preaching to sunday morning and evening

  2. direct legal attack on the Feoffees for Impropriations 1633 (puritan organisation which raised money to control appointment of clergy to parishes from 1626 to establish puritan preachers)

  -aims to restore the power and authority of the church over puritan influence
• what was the book of sport 1618?

  -introduced by james

  -outlined the range of sports/ activities people can engage in after attending the compulsory sunday morning servuce on the sabbath day
• when was the book of sports reissued?

  what happened to clergy who failed to read it?

  -1633 by charles (antagonised by puritans)

  -clergy can be expelled from parish or imprisoned if they failed to read it
• how are the new Laudian measures enforced?

  -through official visits (visitations) by bishops to parishes to report on whether all are following the Laudian measures
• what and when was Charles' personal rule period?

  -1629-1640 (11 year period)

  -period of time charles ruled without the help of parliament
• why did charles fear Puritanism?

  -it threatened unity and order in church and his monarchy
• what laws did charles pass in 1640?

  what happened to his authority?

  -the cannon laws 1640 codified the Laudian measures

  -charles and Laud's authority was collapsing to puritan backlashes in england and scotland
• who defines puritans as the 'hotter sort of protestants'?

  Patrick Collins
• why were many protestants pushed to puritanism in the 1630s?

  Laudianism was shifting too close to catholicism
• what happened in St Gregory's case and when was it?

  1633

  -parishioners (attendees) of the church challenge the moving of the communion table to the east of the church

  -if the table was moved the family pews would need to be moved which would cause offence

  -richly decorated cloth and altar railing displayed catholicism

  -parishioners were brough before the privy council and charles as a test case
• what happened with John Williams?

  -imprisoned in 1637 after criticising a book 'the holy table, name and things' mocking Laud's use of terminology and criticising the altar and communion policy

  -the word 'altar' was regarded as catholic
• what happened with Prynne, Burton and Bastwick?

  -the 3 well respected puritans were brought before the Star Chamber Court (mainly controlled by Charles) for their criticisms of the church policy

  -they were found guilty for criticisms of Laud

  -each fined £5000

  -imprisoned for life

  -underwent public cropping of their ears
• what happened with Lilburne?

  -distributed Bastwick's writings

  -in February 1638 he was found guilty before the Star Chamber Court that he was printing unlicensed literature

  -he was fined and whipped and pilloried in public

  -continued writing in prison
• what resulted in the mass emigration to the new world 1629-40?

  -persecution of puritans under charles forced thousands to leave for the new world

  -migrants faced major challenges of faith in surviving and settling in America
• what kind of a king was Charles?

  why does it alienate the Scottish?

  what do Charles and Laud want to achieve?

  -absentee king of Scotland

  -his policies and dogmatic rule alienate the Scottish as they were mostly Presbyterian and Charles' imposition of Laudianism was infuriating

  -they resent the Presbyterian church's independence and want to align it with the Laudian church and reform the prayer book
• what did the act of revocation do?

  what is the immediate outcome of the act?

  -used by Charles to exploit his feudal rights and and take land from the Scottish elite which sets the tone of Charles' approach to Scotland

  -united landowners in Scotland against Charles as he threatened their power
• when does the king issue the proclamation?

  what is the articles of Perth?

  what are the 5 parts it includes?

  how do Scottish view it?

  -1625

  -created by king James in attempts to integrate the practices of the church or England and Scotland and included 5 parts addressing each of the issues:

  1. kneeling at the communion

  2. observance of holy days

  3. private baptism

  4. private communion

  5. confirmation by bishops

  -Presbyterians viewed these as catholic (disliked by Scottish)
• when is Charles crowned king of Scotland and why does he cause issues?

  -1633

  -takes him 8 years to claim the crown

  -chooses to be coronated at Edinburgh's Holyrood palace rather than the traditional site in Scone/ Stirling

  -chose a ceremony viewed as catholic by the Scots

  -1633 announces his plans of the new prayer book
• what were the new canons Charles introduced on Scotland and when does he introduce them?

  introduced in 1636 by Charles

  1. alter had to be placed against the east wall of the church

  2. ministers had to wear surplice when celebrating communions

  3. improvised prayer was banned

  4. ministers had to read from the new prayer book
• why were the Scots opposed to these new cannons?

  -viewed as returning Catholicism

  -the Scottish kirk or parliament had no say as they were imposed by royal prerogative
• when is the new prayer book introduced?

  how does Charles impose it?

  why are Scots opposed to it?

  what does the introduction of the new prayer book lead to?

  -1637

  -through prerogative without consulting the kirk of Scotland

  -clearly leaned towards Catholicism and threatened their religious independence

  -leads to conflict at St Giles Cathedral which starts the Scottish rebellion and the British civil wars 1637-1660
• what was millenarianism?

  which religion is it associated with?

  what did they believe the political crisis would lead up to?

  -the belief in the end of the world on 'judgement day' where Christ will create a new godly kingdom on earth

  important to English Protestantism

  -as a reaction to Laudianism many believed the political crisis was one of the events leading up to judgement day