Chapter 10

• which event in 1637 led to the start of the 1st British Civil War?

  the Scottish Rebellion
• what did the events at the Bishops Wars lead to and what happened to Charles' support?

  -Charles was defeated at the Bishops Wars by the Covenanters

  -he was forced to sign the Treaty of Ripton October 1640 where he had to pay the Scottish army for occupying England

  -his supporters were initially isolated however his support grew with the introduction of the military alliance the Solemn League and Covenant 1643 formed between parliament and the covenanters as it alienated the support of some Scottish Nobles
• what's one example of a Scottish noble alienated by the Solemn League and Covenant and what did he do?

  -the Earl of Montrose

  -he led the royalist forces against the Covenanters in the North and won numerous victories 1644-45
• why did some begin to leave Montrose's army despite the victories?

  1. little material gain

  2. little support from Charles
• what happened in September 1645?

  a covenanter army of 6,000 return to England and crush the remaining forces of Montrose, ending any hope for military success in Scotland for Charles
• which Irish groups join the Catholic Confederation after the Irish Rebellion?

  when is it set up?

  Who was their opposition?

  May 1642- the Gaelic Irish and Old English join the Catholic Confederation against the Protestants in Ulster and around Dublin
• when does the English send 10,000 Scottish troops to support the Protestants in Ireland?

  Which areas of Ireland do the Protestants and Catholics hold?

  April 1642- Protestant control extended in the North and in Dublin by the end of 1643 however the Catholic Confederation held the rest of Ireland
• who was in charge of the Irish protestants and what is he ordered to do in September 1643 by Charles and why?

  Earl of Ormond- ordered to sign a one year truce with the Catholics to allow 22,000 Irish Catholic and Protestant troops to be sent to England to air Charles in the English Civil War
• why was sending Irish troops to England counterproductive?

  Parliament used it in propaganda as evidence that Charles was trying to impose Catholicism on England and prompted parliament to form an alliance with with the covenanters through the Solemn League and Covenant September 1643
• what ended Charles' hopes for military help from Ireland?

  the Gaelic Irish defeated the Covenanters at Benburb in June 1646 which worsened war in England, making the Irish less inclined to identify a common cause with the royalists
• what happened in Marston Moore in July 1644?

  what was formed as a result?

  -this was the biggest Civil war battle in England and the parliamentarians suffered a great victory, however due to them not being able to take advantage of this they suffered many defeats after

  -as a result the New Model Army was formed
• who was the New Model Army led by?

  Thomas Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell
• How did the New Model Army do at Naseby in June 1645 against the royalists?

  by 1646 they defeated the royalist army and this ended Charles' military position and success in England at the same time as Scotland and Ireland
• what does Charles do on the 5th of May 1646?

  what happens to his remaining forces?

  -surrenders himself to the Scottish in hopes for better settlement terms, however they hand him to the English parliament who placed him under house arrest

  -his remaining forces surrendered in Oxford in June 1646
• what were some of the royalist strengths?

  + they were led by a lawful leader

  + they had the support of the aristocracy with financial reserve and military experience

  + they had a focussed aim of taking London

  + had military aid from abroad with Charles' nephews Prince Rupert and Maurice
• what were the royalist weaknesses?

  - the royalists controlled the generally poorer areas

  - Clubmen (armed men / protectors of local areas mostly in the south and west) saw the royalists as more exploitative than the disciplined New Model Army so has a preference for the parliamentarians

  - commissions of array (where Charles made people join his army) lacked legality
• what were the 7 reasons for royalist defeat in England 1642-46?

  1. administration

  2. indecisiveness

  3. generals

  4. division

  5. Charles as a military leader

  6. Charles' agreement with the Caths

  7. reliance on Foreign aid
• royalist defeat because of administration


  the royalist council of war in Oxford lacked authority with the north and west commanders being independent and the new Bristol council took away capable men
• royalist defeat because of indecisiveness


  Charles was indecisive in taking advantage strategically of the plans to start thew Civil War and of the support of the aristocracy
• royalist defeat because of generals


  at first Charles appointed local lieutenants in hopes to gain local support but they lacked commitment and military experience, he then appointed his 2 nephews which caused divisions in the royalist councils
• royalist defeat because of divisions


  differing views led to incoherent policy due to Charles lack of skills in selecting the best advice

  1. Hyde - continued negotiations with par for settlement

  2. Henrietta - continue with war until total victory

  3. Rupert - continue war until defeat at Naseby was confirmed
• royalist defeat because of Charles as a military leader

  he was a poor leader and by making himself a commander in chief he was more responsible for the defeat and whilst he consulted the council he didn't listen
• royalist defeat because of Charles' agreement with the Catholics

  he signed a truce with Irish Catholics in September 1643 which prompted par propaganda and Charles repeated the mistake in 1645 when he negotiated peace with the Irish Catholics again
• royalist defeat because of reliance on foreign aid


  par published some of the letters between Charles and the French and the pope in their correspondence
• what were the 6 reasons for parliamentary success in England 1642-46?

  1. parliament's war finance

  2. John Pym (MP lol) and alliances

  3. the advantage of holding London

  4. Local administration and communities

  5. control of the navy

  6. the New Model Army
• parliamentary success because of war finance

  -after the outbreak of the Civil War parliament found ways to run the country without the king and created new structures like the Committee of Both kingdoms to seek control of finances to fund the war

  -the assessment (a tax for par to raise armies) was introduced in November 1642
• parliamentary success because of John Pym

  -he managed to persuade the MPs to accept the formal alliance with the Scottish covenant despite the factions that were forming in 1643 in return for establishing Presbyterianism in England

  -21,000 Scots were sent into England to aid parliament and they succeeded in keeping royalist forces in the north
• parliamentary success because of holding London

  1. it was the centre of printing which advantaged par in printing propaganda

  2. there was greater access to city loans for finance

  3. London homed 1/10 of the population which was beneficial in training bands for the fight at Turnham Green

  4. it was the largest port

  5. it was the chief industrial centre supplying arms, clothes and shoes

  6. there was already an established centre of administration which could be taken advantage of
• parliamentary success because of local administration and communities

  -local activist men were employed and they replaced the traditional ruling elite in most areas as opposition was removed

  -parliament also controlled the richer areas

  -although they encountered the same issues with the clubman movement as the royalists, clubmen were a lot more tolerable of the New Model Army as it came closer to victory and Fairfax was willing to directly negotiate with them
• parliamentary success because of navy control

  parliament were able to supply their forces and strongholds in Hull and Plymouth and prevent supplies from mainland Ireland and Europe reaching the royalists
• parliamentary success because of the New Model Army

  -it was formed 1644-45 and it was meant to be strong due to the nature of its regularly paid, professional soldiers strongly motivated by their Puritanism

  -this meant in the wars of attrition and weakening the opponent's army until victory, parliament were stronger

  -despite the King's defeat as Naseby 1645 he could still overturn his military defeat in England