Chapter 11

• when does the 1st Civil War officially end?

  1646
• what 2 factions were formed in parliament by 1646?

  1. Political Presbyterians

  2. Political Independents
• what were the political Presbyterians like and were they willing to form a settlement with the king?

  -the moderate 'Peace Party' consisting of people like Holles and Stapleton that were conservative and opposed religious toleration and drew closer to the Scots with their support of the Presbyterian church

  -they favoured negotiation with the king and the disbanding of the New Model Army
• what were the political Independents like and were they willing to form a settlement with the king?


  -the radical 'War Party' consisting of people like Cromwell and Ireton who wanted considerable religious toleration but were opposed to the Scottish Presbyterianism and were instead allied with the New Model Army

  -they were willing to settle with the king and disband the army if he agreed to limit his power
• what was the Newcastle Prepositions and when were they presented to Charles?

  it was the plan for settlement presented by the Political Presbyterians in July 1646
• what were the 4 main features of the Newcastle Prepositions 1646?

  1. religion - Charles had to accept establishment of Presbyterianism in England for 3 years

  2. militia - parliamentary control for 20 years

  3. parliament - triennial act remains

  4. royalists - only 58 were not pardoned, encouraging others to accept defeat
• how does Charles respond to the Newcastle prepositions?

  he stalls as he's aware of the growing divisions in parliament
• why was instability further political; and religious divisions created in the winter 1646-47?

  the political Presbyterians tried to encourage Charles to sign the more lenient version of the Newcastle prepositions
• what 2 parts were there to the Political Presbyterian's counter revolution?

  1. demobilisation of the New Model Army with the exception of a smaller force to deal with the Irish Catholics

  2. creating a 'safe' army based on the London Bands
• what does Holles refer to the New Model Army as?

  in his document thew Declaration of Dislike he refers to them as the 'enemies to the state and disturbers of public peace
• when is the New Model Army created and who is it led by?

  1645 - led by Oliver Cromwell and Thomas Fairfax
• what were the New Model Army's main concerns?

  1. their wages were £3 million in arrears and faced disbandment before it was paid

  2. as parliament didn't pass a indemnity act (insurance for soldiers against prosecution) it was possible for them to be charged with offences committed during the war
• when does the New Model first petition against parliament?

  whats the outcome?

  March 1647 - Parliament condemns it
• what terms of the Newcastle Prepositions set by charles were accepted by the Commons in May 1647?

  -Presbyterianism for 3 years

  -control over the militia for 10 years
• when do the commons vote to disband the New Model?

  how many weeks of arrears of pay were provided?

  25th of May 1637 - only 8 weeks
• what happens in June 1647?

  The New Model Army hold a general meeting at Newmarket in response to the Commons' vote and Fairfax's orders
• what new formal structure is set up after the New Model meeting at Newmarket?

  what was the purpose of this?

  -the General Council of the Army - led by Fairfax but dominated by Ireton and Cromwell

  -this was created as a way for the New Model officers like Ireton to lead the army to settlement
• what makes the New Model Army a politically significant force in the settlement?

  on the 2nd of June 1647 George Joyce took Charles out of house arrest and brought him to Newmarket where they had physical control over him
• when is the Humble Remonstrance produced and what does it declare?

  4th June 1647- produced by the New Model Army claiming they wont disband until their grievances were met and they even began a slow march towards London to put pressure on their parliamentary enemies
• what was the New Model's grievances?

  1. indemnity

  2. removal of Holle's Presbyterian faction
• what was the Solemn Engagement of the 5th of June 1647 and who was it mainly written by?

  a document mainly written by Ireton presenting the army's position to parliament
• where do Ireton, Fairfax and Cromwell go on the 7th of June 1647 and why is it significant?

  they visit Charles and hold the first meeting of what became a series of of formal negotiations between the army leadership and Charles, with Ireton being the main spokesman
• where is Charles lodged whilst under the New Model's control?

  Hampden Court
• what does he army do against 11 MPs in July?

  specifically against who?

  they drew up impeachment charges, especially against Holles who they viewed as leading parliament against them
• when and by who was the Representation of the army written?

  written by Ireton, Lambert and Cromwell on the 14th of June 1647
• what did the Representation of the army outline?

  the 4 fundamentals of the army's political position:

  1. the purge of parliament

  2. future parliaments of fixed duration

  3. guaranteed rights of freedom

  4. extension of religious freedom
• what did the army declare in March 1637?


  they were dedicated to defending 'our own and the people's just rights and liberties
• when does the General Counsil meet at Reading?

  16th of July 1647- Ireton presents the Heads of the Proposals and it became clear the senior officers like Ireton were already negotiating these moderate terms with Charles
• what were the heads of the proposal and when were they published?

  what were the 6 main points?

  2nd of August 1647- was the army's settlement plan written by Ireton and Lambert and has 6 main points:

  1. biennial parliaments

  2. reform of parliamentary representation

  3. parliamentary control of army / navy

  4. parliamentary appointment of offices for 10 years

  5. religious settlement maintaining the national church with bishops

  6. Act of Oblivion exempting only 58 royalists from pardon
• when does the mob invade the commons and what do they forcefully pass?

  26th July 1647- forcefully pass a resolution which invited the king to London
• where was the army on the 3rd of august and who joins them?

  the army was just outside of London and the Political Independents joined them after walking out of parliament
• when does the army march into Westminster and London?

  1. Westminster - 6th of August 1647

  2. London - 8th of August 1647
• when does Charles escape Hampden Court?

  November 1637