A01

• What are neurotransmitters involved in?

  Reuptake and recycling
• What is the fight or flight response?

  • A physiological reaction to stress
  • Involves the amygdala and hypothalamus
  • Prepares the body for emergency action
• What triggers the fight or flight response?

  A stressful event
• Which part of the brain sends distress signals during stress?

  The amygdala
• What does the hypothalamus stimulate during the fight or flight response?

  The sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system
• What hormone is released during the fight or flight response?

  Adrenaline
• What physiological changes occur due to adrenaline during fight or flight?

  • Increased heart rate
  • Open airways for more oxygen
  • Increased sweating
  • Dilated pupils
  • Inhibited salivation and digestion
• How does adrenaline affect the heart?

  It causes the heart to beat faster
• What happens to the airways in the lungs during fight or flight?

  They open wide
• Why does sweating increase during the fight or flight response?

  To cool the body down
• What happens to unessential systems during the fight or flight response?

  They are inhibited
• What does the parasympathetic nervous system do after a stressor is gone?

  Returns the body to its resting state
• How does the fight or flight response affect modern situations like a driving test?

  • Can cause increased anxiety
  • May lead to impaired decision-making
  • Physical symptoms can distract from tasks
• What is the definition of localisation of function in the brain?

  • Specific areas of the brain control different functions
  • Involves both physical and psychological functions
• Where is the motor area located?

  Back of the frontal lobe
• What does the motor area control?

  Voluntary movement
• What is Broca's area responsible for?

  Speech production
• Where is Broca's area located?

  Left frontal lobe
• What does the somatosensory area process?

  Pressure and pain
• Where is the visual area located?

  Back of the occipital lobe
• What does the auditory area analyze?

  Acoustic information
• Where is Wernicke's area located?

  Left temporal lobe
• What is the function of Wernicke's area?

  Language comprehension
• What is hemispheric lateralisation?

  • Each hemisphere specializes in specific functions
  • Left hemisphere is dominant for language
  • Right hemisphere is dominant for visual-motor tasks
• What was the aim of Sperry's research?

  • Investigate hemispheric specialization
  • Study split-brain patients
• What is the corpus callosum's role?

  Connects the two brain hemispheres
• What happens when an image is shown to the right visual field of a split-brain patient?

  They can say the word
• What happens when an image is shown to the left visual field of a split-brain patient?

  They can select a matching object with the left hand
• What conclusions can be drawn from Sperry's research?

  • Left hemisphere is dominant for speech
  • Right hemisphere is dominant for visual tasks
• What is brain plasticity?

  • Brain's ability to modify structure and function
  • Changes based on experience and learning
• What is functional recovery in the brain?

  Recovery of lost function after damage
• What is axon sprouting?

  Growth of new nerve endings
• How can functional compensation occur in the brain?

  Other undamaged areas take over functions
• What is fMRI used for?

  • Measures neural activity indirectly
  • Detects changes in blood oxygenation
• How does fMRI detect brain activity?

  By measuring blood flow and oxygen levels
• What is EEG used for?

  • Measures electrical activity in the brain
  • Uses electrodes on the scalp
• What does an EEG produce?

  A recording of general brain activity
• What are the key points of studying the brain?

  • Different methods provide various insights
  • Each method has strengths and weaknesses
• What is the definition of event-related potentials (ERPs)?

  Brain responses to specific stimuli
• What is the purpose of post-mortems in brain research?

  To study brain structure after death