A03

• What is one unification of the fight or flight response?

  It is considered a male response.
• Why was the fight or flight response assumed to apply to women?

  Most research was conducted on men.
• What alternative response does Shelley Taylor (2000) suggest for females?

  'Tend and befriend' is suggested.
• How does the fight or flight response reflect gender bias?

  It assumes male responses apply to females.
• What psychological factors are ignored in the fight or flight response?

  Reframing stress is ignored.
• How can changing your interpretation of a situation affect the fight or flight response?

  It can reduce the likelihood of the response.
• What does the fight or flight response indicate about human behavior under stress?

  Humans are not passive in stress.
• What is a limitation of the fight or flight response in dangerous situations?

  Reactions are not limited to fight or flight.
• What initial response do some psychologists suggest humans engage in?

  Humans may engage in a freeze response.
• What does Gray's (1988) study suggest about the first response to danger?

  The first response is to avoid confrontation.
• How can the fight or flight response be seen as maladaptive in modern society?

  It can lead to negative health consequences.
• What can repeated activation of the fight or flight response cause?

  It can increase blood pressure and heart disease.
• What is one strength of the localisation of function in the brain?

  There is evidence to support it.
• What happened to Phineas Gage after his accident?

  He experienced personality changes.
• What does Gage's case suggest about personality and brain function?

  Personality is localized to the frontal lobe.
• What does the localisation theory provide regarding brain function?

  It provides a credible explanation of brain function.
• What is one limitation of the localisation of function in the brain?

  There is research that opposes it.
• What did Harasty's (1997) study find about Broca's and Wernicke's areas?

  Women have larger areas than men.
• What does Harasty's study suggest about localisation theory?

  It shows bias in early psychological research.
• What did Lashley's (1930) study find regarding learning in rats?

  No specific area was crucial for learning.
• What does Lashley's study suggest about cognitive processes?

  Cognitive processes are distributed holistically.
• What does the localisation theory fail to acknowledge?

  It doesn't acknowledge brain recovery after damage.
• What does Jody Miller's case illustrate about brain function?

  Movement isn't fixed to one hemisphere.
• What does functional recovery suggest about brain function?

  Undamaged areas can take over damaged functions.
• What is one strength of functional recovery after trauma?

  There is evidence supporting functional recovery.
• What happened to Jodie Miller after her right hemisphere was removed?

  She was able to walk within 10 days.
• What does Phineas Gage's case suggest about functional recovery?

  It provides an incomplete explanation of recovery.
• What does Schneider's (2014) research indicate about recovery after brain injury?

  Education influences chances of recovery.
• What did Marques de la Mata's (2008) research find about older patients after brain trauma?

  Older patients regain less function than younger ones.
• What does the research suggest about functional recovery?

  It is influenced by education and age.
• What are the limitations of the fight or flight response?

  • Not limited to fight or flight
  • Psychological factors ignored
  • Can be maladaptive in modern society
  • Repeated activation can harm health
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of localisation of function in the brain?

  Strengths:

  • Supported by evidence (e.g., Phineas Gage)

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Opposing research (e.g., Harasty, Lashley)
  • Doesn't acknowledge recovery after damage
• What are the implications of functional recovery of the brain?

  • Supported by evidence (e.g., Jodie Miller)
  • Influenced by education and age
  • Incomplete explanation (e.g., Phineas Gage)
• How did Gage's personality change after his brain injury?

  It became rude and hostile.
• Why does functional recovery provide an incomplete explanation for Gage's case?

  It can't account for Gage's brain damage adaptation.
• What is a limitation of plasticity and functional recovery according to the study?

  It does not acknowledge variable factors affecting recovery.
• What did Schneider's research in 2014 find about education and recovery?

  More education increases chances of disability-free recovery.
• What percentage of disability-free recovery did patients with 16+ years of education achieve?

  40%
• What did Marques de la Mata's research in 2008 reveal about older patients after brain trauma?

  Older patients regained less function than younger patients.
• What do Schneider's and Marques de la Mata's findings suggest about recovery after trauma?

  Education and age influence recovery ability.