DIASS

• Communication involves acting on information, responding to stimulus, a creative act, making sense of the world, assigning meaning to experience and feelings, and can also be intentional as well as unintentional. (Sampa, 2017).
• “All communication involves faith,” says literary theorist Terry Eagleton.
• Scope of Communication: Personal Life, Social Life, State Affairs, International Affairs
• In Personal Life - Communication is closely related with every sphere of human life. From dawn to sleep, a person communicates with others.
• In Social Life - We are now living in an integrated society thus people need to develop social bondage. Communication helps us in creating and strengthening this social bondage.
• In State Affairs - Without it, state neither can administer its various wings nor can maintain relationships with the other part of the world. Due to revolutionary change in communication technologies, the whole world has turned into a global village.
• In International Affairs - In order to facilitate cooperation and communication among countries, various regional and international bodies namely UN, World Bank, ASEAN, EU, etc. have been formed. Through these bodies, countries communicate various bilateral and multilateral issues among them.
• Principle of Clarity - The idea or message to be communicated should be clearly spelt out. It should be worded in such a way that the receiver understands the same thing which the sender wants to convey.
• Principle of Correctness - The messages should be correct, authentic and accurate. Incorrect transmission will lead to incorrect action.
• Principle of Concreteness - Concreteness means being specific, definite, and vivid communication. One should use denotative words rather than connotative words.
• Principle of Completeness - Complete information makes communication effective. Incomplete messages create gaps that may be filled by people according to their individual perceptions.
• Principle of Courteousness - Politeness and courtesy are important contributors to effective communication.
• Principle of Coherence - The messages that will be sent should be logical and that is why coherent communication is important.
• Principle of Conciseness - Though all details should be included in the message, the sender should be as brief as possible. Readers and listeners prefer reading and listening to short notices rather than lengthy details.
• four basic elements of communication: the message, the medium, the sender, and the reliever.
• Sender/ Receiver - Communication means that the sender and the receiver get involved in communication because they have ideas and feelings to share.
• The message is made up of ideas and feelings that the senders/receivers want to share. These can only be shared if they are represented by symbols and could either be verbal and non-verbal.
• Channels - These are routes traveled by a message as it goes between the senders/receivers.
• Feedback - It is a response of the receiver to the sender and vice versa. This is very important in communication as it determines whether or not the decoder grasped the intended meaning and whether communication was successful.
• Noise (also called interference) - This is any factor that inhibits the conveyance of a message. Anything that gets in the way of the message being accurately received, interpreted, and responded to. It may be internal or external.
• The context of any communication act is the environment surrounding it. This includes, among other things, place, time, event, and attitudes of sender and receiver.
• Intrapersonal Communication - This refers to communication that occurs within us.
• Interpersonal Communication - The communication that occurs on one-to-one basis usually in an informal, unstructured setting is interpersonal communication.
• Intercultural Communication - This is an interpersonal communication that occurs between or among members of different cultures or people who are enculturated differently.
• Interviewing - Interviewing makes use of series of questions and answers usually involving two or more groups.
• Small Group Communication - This occurs when a small group of people meets to solve a problem. There is a cooperative thinking and a specific purpose.
• Mass Communication - The sender-receiver (speaker) sends a message (speech) to an audience in a highly structured manner.
• The competencies of communicators and journalists are along their delivery of roles and functions. They need to have listening, reading, writing, and speaking skills.
• Communicators and journalists can work in a number of areas of specialization: speech writing and taking minutes of a meeting; advertising, marketing, and sales; communication education; electronic media, radio-television, and broadcasting; public relations; journalism; theater, performing arts, and dramatic arts; public communication and opinion management; and international relations management and negotiations.
• In the name of freedom of expression, abuses happen and certain aspects remain largely unaccountable. Accountability is a necessity for communicators and journalists.
• It is also part of the responsibility of communicators and journalists to ensure that citizens are able to originate content and contribute to media content, and not just remain passive consumers of media output.
• Codes of ethics provide a way forward in guaranteeing rights, responsibilities, and accountabilities. (Sampa, 2017).
• The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization

  (UNESCO) considers the code of ethics as being at the heart of good communication and journalism for it fosters professional self-censorship among professionals in the industry.
• All of us are clientele and audience of communication since communication is vital in dealing with daily realities in our life.
• Social position. Communication practitioners must know the position of the person on the other end of the line to be able to determine the approach that will fit the level of conversation that will be most effective in the transmission of information.
• Socio-cultural orientation. Every individual is a product of a sociocultural views that were shared and practice by the people in a region, province or in an ethno-linguistic community where the person came from.
• Education. Educational attainment defines the capacity of a person to comprehend information presented in various forms.
• Age. Speaking in front of younger persons is far different from speaking in front of older ones.
• Race and ethnicity. Communication practitioners should be able to exhibit sensitivity to the race and ethnic orientation of their audiences
• Language. It is a no brainer to say that people will not understand any information delivered in a language foreign to those at the receiving end.