biology 🌿

• what cell is prokaryotic


  bacterial cells
• where do prokaryotic cells store genetic information


  long circular chromosome and plasmids
• what are chromosomes


  long molecules of dna
• what does the nucleus contain


  genetic material
• what is the cytoplasm

  a gel like substance where chemical reactions take place
• what is the cell membrane


  it holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out
• what is the mitochondria


  contains enzymes, controls aerobic respiration
• what are ribosomes


  they're involved in the synthesis of proteins
• what is the cell wall

  it's made of cellulose, it supports and strengthens the cell
• what is a vacuole


  it contains cell sap (a solution of sugar and salt)
• what are the chloroplasts


  where photosynthesis occurs to make food for the plant
• what is a tissue

  a group of cells working together
• what is an organ


  a collection of tissue working together
• what is the role of the pancreas and salivary gland in the digestive system

  they’re glands which produce fluids containing enzymes
• what is the role of the stomach in the digestive system

  produces hydrochloric acid which kills bacteria
• what is the role of the liver in the digestive system

  filters blood to break down poisonous substances like alcohol also produces bile a fluid which helps digest fat
• what is the role of the large intestine in the digestive system

  absorbs water and produces faeces
• what are the role of enzymes in the digestive system

  they’re biological catalysts which speed up the rate of biological reactions
• how does the shape of an enzyme affect its function

  enzymes have a specific active site which is complementary to their substrate
• what does respiration produce

  energy in the form of ATP
• equation for aerobic respiration

  glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water
• equation for anaerobic respiration

  glucose = alcohol + carbon dioxide
• what is the genome

  the entire set of DNA instructions
• what does the genome consist of

  23 pairs of chromosomes
• a genome contains all of the instructions to create and maintain life
• equation for photosynthesis 


  carbon dioxide + water = oxygen + glucose
• how is a red blood cell adapted 


  small size to fit through capillaries and it’s a biconcave disc so it has a large surface area to volume ratio + flexible
• what is photosynthesis 


  plants convert light energy into chemical energy
• photosynthesis is endothermic because it uses energy from the sun
• what is glucose used for

  respiration / energy / food
• what are nitrate ions needed for


  to make protein and for growth
• equation for aerobic respiration 


  glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water
• order of size

  1. genome
  2. chromosome
  3. gene
  4. nucleotide
  5. base
• what happens during interphase


  DNA is spread out in strings then the cell grows and DNA is duplicated
• stages of mitosis


  interphase , metaphase , anaphase , telophase , cytokinesis
• what happens in prophase 


  the chromosomes condense and the membrane disappears
• what happens in metaphase 


  chromosomes and their copies line up in the middle of the cell
• what happens in anaphase

  chromosomes are pulled to different ends of the cell
• what happens in telophase

  new membrane is formed around the chromosomes
• what is cytokenisis


  when the membrane pinches into two and divided into 2 daughter cells