Section A: Urban issues and challenges

• describe the effects of urban sprawl on people and the environment

  
  

  -urban sprawl has a negative effect on people and the environment - (because) urban sprawl leads to farm and valuable green spaces being lost as houses and buildings will need to be built on these areas

  -subsequently decreasing biodiversity and taking away land that could otherwise be used therefore having it negative environmental benefits

  -in addition this may have bad effect on people as there may not be a sense of community as much people commute so lack of people in era during the day
• reasons for inequality in education/ standard of living:

  - people who live in more deprived conditions may not do as well in GCSE as they have to worry about if they will have water for a shower which may negatively impact their mental health leading to them not focusing in school and therefore not doing well in GCSE

  - income -->if you don't have high income your children may not go to the best schools and lived in deprived areas. this may mean that children would have to work an extra job to support the family therefore not focus on education and not do as well in GCSEs or schooling
• outline one way that national migration has led to a change in the character of a named UK city

  national migration has led to a change in the character of Shoreditch (London) as hipsters middle class young affluent people brought vintage fashion to Shoreditch changing the character of it
• name points to answer the question to what extent has urban changed created environmental challenges in the UK city you have

  1) urban changes have created environmental challenges in London as big buildings have had to be built on Brownfield sites. these Brownfield sites take a lot of money to build and lots of machinery which pollutes the environment through appolution as it releases CO2

  2) landfill in London creates air pollution

  3)new fashion trends that stop being wanted
• what are some examples of sustainable living features

  -public transport available alternative to cars

  - public transport is safe and reliable

  -areas of open space are safe,accessible and enjoyable

  - resources and services in the city are accessible to all

  -wherever possible renewable resources are used instead of non-renewable resources

  -communities work together to deal with issues such as crime and security
• what are examples of unsustainable features of living

  not all homes are energy efficient, recycling is minimal, resources and services inaccessible to some people, cause considered vest means of getting round, access to culture and social amenities is limited to few people
• Where is Curitiba located?

  capital of parana state in Brazil
• what percentage of people living in our happy with their City now

  99% said they were happy with their city and wouldn't leave
• who was responsible for the new sustainable development in the 1970s

  Jamie Lerner paved streets and closed traffic to make pedestrian crossings
• what was the main aim of the street of flowers

  15 City blocks with the aim to pedestrianise and ban cars to combat traffic and air pollution
• what was the growth rate of the city prior to the new sustainable schemes

  10 fold in 30 years
• how was transport in Curitiba made more sustainable

  1) roads changed to have one bus lane into city and one lane out. This led to reduced traffic, reduced pollution, busses taking more than2 millionpeople every day and being cheaper than the subway
• how many people benefit from the new system of transportation

  more than 2 million people a day with one bus every 60 seconds
• how is public transport in the city funded

  self-funded as its funded by those who use it
• how have both the buses and boarding tubes being modified to be more sustainable


  one bus every 60 seconds meaning more buses are being used and cause being ditched and Glass tunnels make it quicker and more effective so more people use it
• how was the environment made more sustainable in the city

  Moore parks built to become a leisure paradise. this increase the price of surrounding land and the multi-purpose parks helped with flooding by restoring the river as water floats to the park allowing water to run rather than channelization(river restoration)
• how much extra Green space over the recommended amount as each resident have

  4 times more power in habitat
• how are the parks maintained and how is this sustainable

  using sheep which is very cheap and efficient
• how was social sustainability brought about in the city

  many people lived in slums in dirty areas but for each five kilograms of waste they picked up they got one kilogram of food which helped clean the area and give food to people living in slums
• what is happening to residence who are being rehoused due to building houses as the area is cleaner

  they will be moved to Suburbs with electricity, water and will have a low interest mortgage there won't pay as much. jobs will be provided on-site and schools will be nearby along with training. the new houses will be tailored to the people's needs for stop this is sustainable as they will have schools and basic necessities which will cause better quality of life
• give one example of Environmental sustainability in the city and expand on this

  green spaces. since the 1970s the city has planted 1.5 million trees and built 28 public parks. trees intersect rainfall therefore they act as a natural defense against river flooding in the city and absorb carbon dioxide which reduces pollution levels. to maintain the fields the city uses sheet rather than mechanical means saving its money and oil while providing manure for Farmers and wool
• how many people lived in slums in the city

  over 11 million people
• define urban regeneration


  revival of old parts of a built up area by either installing modern facilities in Old buildings (known as renewal) OR opting for redevelopment (e.g demolishing buildings and starting afresh )
• define gentrification


  process of renovating / improving a house or District so that it can forms to middle-class taste
• define regentrification


  tempting to reverse urban decline by improving the physical structure and economy of an area for example Stratford improving itself the 2012 Olympics
• what impact is international migration had on the growth of London

  international migration has increased the growth of London for example there has been a sharp increase in population sometimes as people come with family members meaning more people come

  this is made London super diverse
• what impact has international migration had on the character of London


  influenced fashion, food, lessons in London for example the rag trade and western African wax fabric trade have led to different types of Fashion
• what impact has national migration had on the growth of London


  since the Industrial Revolution people have come to work in London as it has better job opportunities. this has increased the population since 1801
• what impact has national migration had on the character of London

  hipsters and hipsterification from young and fluent middle classes has bought vintage fashion to London.
• what are the challenges of international and national migration in London

  -unemployment and crime rates are very high

  - lots of air pollution due to more cars and more people

  -housing ownership difficulties

  -local services suffering

  -living condition and environment gotten worse

  -lufe expectancy low in some areas

  -greena nd brown field sites used for housing
• what are the challenges of living in London

  very busy, high unemployment rate, high cost of living and house prices, high crime rate, high air pollution, some parts of very expensive
• what is the importance of the location of London for the UK

  Roman settlement from 43 ad so it grew importance. has rode and railway with good communications linking to all over the city and beyond
• what is the importance of the location of London on the world

  good time zone for trading heathrow of the largest airports in the world with flights all over the world
• what is the importance of the location of London on the UK and world

  lowest bridging point so was used for trade. good for manufacturing (from 16th century). some of the best you needs in the World. Heritage and cultural attractions for tourists and residents
• what opportunities have been created due to urban change

  culture and employment (Shoreditch and Brixton), transport, urban Greening
• state whybculture and employment was successful / not successful

  successful:

  - made London super diverse

  developed growth and character of London

  -many higher paid jobs e.g silicone round about boosted the economy

  
  

  not successful:

  -people that were in thr area had to move out as the prices went up due to gentrification md hisperification
• state how transport (TFL) was successful/ not successful

  successful:-links with all over UK (intergrated transport system)- very accessible

  not sucesful:-air pollutionmany delays-costs alot of money e.g Elizabeth line costed around 2 billion pounds-lots of time to built the parts of the system
• state how Urban Greening is sucesful/ not sucesful

  succesful:-counter acts heat island effect-increases green space which is good for wellbeing

  not successful :-high costs to implementnot possible everywherehasn't tackled heat island effect fully as10,000 people die every year from pollution
• what are the opportunities of living in London

  lots of housing, high literacy rates, free healthcare, eco-friendly, many jobs, very good transport, high levels of entertainment
• what rates of urbanization do low income countries have

  high rate