ENT

• What medications can cause gingival hyperplasia?

  Phenytoin, ciclosporin, calcium channel blockers
• What is the preferred treatment for chronic symptoms in vestibular neuronitis?

  Vestibular rehabilitation exercises
• What should be done for nasal septal haematomas?

  Urgently refer to ENT for drainage
• What can develop in immunocompromised patients with poor dentition?

  Airway compromise from Ludwig's angina
• How can patients treat BPPV at home?

  By performing Brandt-Daroff exercises
• What is the hearing status in vestibular neuronitis?

  Hearing is normal
• What type of nystagmus is associated with vestibular neuronitis?

  Horizontal nystagmus
• What medication is recommended for vertigo associated with vestibular neuronitis?

  Prochlorperazine
• What can cause tinnitus?

  Loop diuretics
• What does uvular deviation in tonsillitis indicate?

  Development of a peritonsillar abscess
• How should quinsy be treated?

  With IV antibiotics and surgical drainage
• What should be ensured in patients with chronic ear discharge?

  The attic is visualized to exclude cholesteatoma
• Who is most commonly affected by malignant otitis externa?

  Patients with diabetes
• What characterizes vertigo in Meniere's disease?

  Spontaneous episodes lasting minutes to hours
• What is Samter's triad?

  Asthma, aspirin sensitivity, nasal polyposis
• When should oral antibiotics be given in acute otitis media?

  When there is a perforation
• What can precipitate otosclerosis?

  Pregnancy in genetically predisposed individuals
• Why should prochlorperazine be stopped after a few days in vestibular neuronitis?

  It delays recovery by interfering with compensatory mechanisms
• What favors a diagnosis of tonsillitis?

  The absence of a cough
• What is the first-line antibiotic for tonsillitis?

  Phenoxymethylpenicillin
• What is a common cause of bacterial otitis media?

  Haemophilus influenzae
• What are the symptoms of otitis externa?

  Pain on tragus palpation, itching, discharge
• When should children with glue ear be referred to ENT?

  If they have significant hearing loss on two occasions
• What is the first-line treatment for otitis externa?

  Topical antibiotics with or without steroids
• What is the FeverPAIN score used for?

  To decide on antibiotic therapy for infections
• Why is mastoiditis considered a medical emergency?

  Risk of meningitis
• What characterizes otosclerosis?

  Conductive hearing loss, tinnitus, family history
• Are antibiotics indicated in uncomplicated acute sinusitis?

  No, they are not indicated
• What should be considered for persistent unexplained hoarseness in patients over 45?

  Urgent referral to ENT
• What is the treatment for otitis externa in diabetics?

  Ciprofloxacin to cover Pseudomonas
• What does presbycusis present with?

  Bilateral high-frequency hearing loss
• What is the inheritance pattern of otosclerosis?

  Autosomal dominant
• How does vestibular neuronitis differ from labyrinthitis?

  Unaffected hearing distinguishes them
• When should intranasal steroids be considered for sinusitis?

  If symptoms persist for 10 days or more
• What can topical corticosteroids be used for?

  To shrink nasal polyps
• What complication can arise from thyroid surgery?

  Damage to parathyroid glands causing hypocalcaemia
• What may be performed if a perforated tympanic membrane does not heal?

  A myringoplasty
• What should recurrent otitis externa raise suspicion of?

  Candida infection
• What needs evaluation in unilateral glue ear in adults?

  A posterior nasal space tumour
• What does facial pain worse on leaning forward suggest?

  Sinusitis