Uro

• What are the AFP and HCG levels typically in seminomas?

  Normal
• What happens to AFP and HCG levels in teratomas and yolk sac tumors?

  They are usually raised
• How long may Finasteride treatment for BPH take to show results?

  6 months
• In which population is prostate cancer more common?

  Afro-Caribbean population
• What type of renal stones are semi-opaque on x-ray?

  Cystine stones
• Which renal stones are radio-lucent on x-ray?

  Urate and xanthine stones
• What are stag-horn calculi composed of?

  Struvite
• In what type of urine do stag-horn calculi form?

  Alkaline urine
• What are the complications of Transurethral Resection (TURP)?

  • TURP syndrome
  • Urethral stricture/UTI
  • Retrograde ejaculation
  • Perforation of the prostate
• What is recommended for acute management of renal colic?

  IM diclofenac
• What type of drugs are useful for an overactive bladder?

  Antimuscarinic drugs
• What is an important differential diagnosis for frank haematuria?

  Renal cell carcinoma
• What is the investigation of choice for diagnosing bladder cancer?

  Cystoscopy
• What can varicocele indicate in terms of malignancy?

  Compression of the renal vein
• What should a patient >= 60 years with unexplained non-visible haematuria be referred for?

  Bladder cancer exclusion
• What is the most common cause of acute epididymo-orchitis in sexually active younger adults?

  Chlamydia
• What condition can cause phimosis?

  Balanitis xerotica obliterans
• What is the recommended antibiotic treatment duration for prostatitis?

  14 days
• What is the imaging of choice in suspected renal colic?

  Non-contrast CT-KUB
• What do alpha-1 antagonists do for LUTS?

  Promote relaxation of smooth muscle
• What is the most effective management option for renal cell carcinoma?

  Radical nephrectomy
• What is preferred over lithotripsy for renal stone removal in pregnant women?

  Ureteroscopy
• What type of hernia is characterized by scrotal swelling you can't get above?

  Inguinal hernia
• What is the best diagnostic investigation for hydronephrosis?

  Ultrasound
• How is acute upper urinary tract obstruction managed?

  With nephrostomy
• What should be done for patients with obstructive urinary calculi and signs of infection?

  Urgent renal decompression and IV antibiotics
• What is the treatment for suspected epididymo-orchitis if the organism is unknown?

  Ceftriaxone and doxycycline
• Why isn't vasectomy considered an immediate form of contraception?

  Azoospermia must be confirmed
• How can rhabdomyolysis lead to AKI?

  It causes acute tubular necrosis
• What is a risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder?

  Schistosomiasis
• When should PSA measurement be delayed?

  1 month after prostatitis
• What should acute prostatitis in a young man prompt testing for?

  STIs
• How can an epididymal cyst be identified?

  Palpated separately from the testicle
• What is the most common histological type of malignant renal cancer?

  Clear cell carcinoma
• What should be done urgently for suspected testicular torsion?

  Surgical exploration
• What are the characteristics of testicular torsion in acute testicular pain?

  Unilateral swollen and retracted testicle
• What does periureteric fat stranding indicate?

  Recent stone passage
• Why is hypospadias a contraindication to circumcision?

  The foreskin is used in repair
• What factors contribute to the formation of renal stones?

  High protein intake and dehydration
• How can hydrocoeles be differentiated from other testicular lumps?

  They transilluminate