Space and Place

• How does gender influence place perception?

  Roles of men and women can be different in different societies, the phrase ‘a women’s place is in the home‘ represents a stereotypical image of women. Women in the UK weren’t employed by the local government offices until the Second World War
• How does age influence place perception?

  Age affects where you live for example a young adult buying a first flat may look for someone urban with access to jobs and services, while a large family may look for a larger house with more space and an elderly person may want someone very quiet and peaceful
• How does sexuality influence place perception?

  Some places acquire meaning because they are where the LGBTQ groups tend to cluster, in some cities LGBTQ ‘zones’ have been mapped which are areas of gay bars- Brighton is an example of an area that accepts a wide variety of diverse people
• How does religion influence place perception?

  Natural landscapes can be sacred to religions, place can be given meaning through the building of synagogue, churches and mosques, pilgrimage sites have meaning for religious people
• How does role influence place perception?

  Students have attachment to their school and the surroundings, sports players have attachment to their facilities
• How do personal experiences lead to strong emotional attachment?

  If we have a positive experience of a place we are likely to have strong emotional attachment and vice versa
• How can social experiences lead to strong emotional attachment?

  Memories and feelings as part of a group e.g football fans
• People often have a similar deeper attachment to their nations especially for people exiled from their homelands.
• Who are the Kurds?

  They are an ethnic group spread across Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Iran and Armenia, and the majority of them are Sunni Muslims
• The Kurds have suffered persecution from the Turkish and await independence
• Why do Kurds have such a strong emotional attachment to ‘Kurdistan’?

  Due to the hundreds of years of fighting for independence and their own secure settlement
• What strengthens the emotional attachment for Kurds?

  The diasporas- 30 million Kurds spread across the rest of the world raising awareness and campaigning
• What are examples of formal ways in representing place?

  Census data, crime figures, any other statistic that describes a place
• What are informal ways of representing place?

  Graffiti, TV, Photography, Film, Music
• How has New Zealand used informal representation?

  They used images from Lord of the Rings to promote their country and promote the tourism industry
• What does the term global village mean?

  The idea that the world has become smaller and more interconnected. Communications and flows of goods are quicker and more reliable and more people travel further
• There is unequal distribution in the affects of time-space compression.
• What is meant by the knowledge economy?


  Wealth creating activities that gather, store and analyse knowledge e.g high tech manufacturing, finance etc
• Who are the winners of globalisation?

  Economies with low labour costs and infrastructure to export, workers who gain jobs in export industries, multinationals who benefit for tax avoidance and outsourcing
• Who don’t benefit from globalisation?

  Regions, ’rust belt’, who have seen a decline in employment, structural unemployment amongst former manual workers, environmental costs of increased output, trade and growth, economic and social pressures from migration
• Why does tax avoidance become easier with globalisation?

  Because businesses can be located anywhere which means their profits are being taxed at much different rates
• What does the Clarke Fisher Model show in the UK?

  How the primary industry has declined and the tertiary industry has increased, while secondary industry has remained relatively constant and quaternary industry has only existed in the post-industrial period
• What are the reasons why globalisation is rapidly increasing?

  Shipping- takes 90% of goods across the world and have become larger. Containerisation- most goods come from Asia in containers which means goods are easier to store and transport. Aircrafts carrying goods
• Gentrification is often integral to the process of urban regeneration, but it can also be a cause of social exclusion
• What is the positive feedback created from migration and gentrification?

  Middle-class incomers migrate into cheap and charming old inner-city places, this place soon gains fashionable status attracting more young professionals, private investors buy and renovate the housing, displacing older, poorer residents, wealthy migrants colonise what is becoming a hyper-gentrified area
• Grenfell Tower was council owned property with people who couldn’t afford the insane prices in Kensington and Chelsea. The poor management and planning of Grenfell led to the fire. Grenfell is an example of how hyper-gentrification in areas like Notting Hill have led to inequality.
• How has globalisation led to economic change?

  The relationship between TNCs and nation states has led to global shifts - relocation of manufacturing production
• From what year did the New International Division of Labour gather pace?

  1980
• What were the positive impacts of structural economic change for ACs?

  Cheaper imports of labour-intensive products, growth in LIDCS may lead to increase demand for exports from ACs, greater worker mobility, greater industrial efficiency should lead to development of new tech,and loss of manufacturing industries can lead to improved environmental quality
• What are the negatives of structural economic change for ACs?

  Job losses of unskilled workers

  Big gaps develop between skilled and unskilled workers who may experience extreme redeployment differences

  Employment gains from new efficiencies will only occur if countries can keep their wage demands low
• What are the positives of structural economic change for EDCS and LIDCs?

  Higher export-generated income promotes investment in production capacity- multiplier effect

  Employment opportunities reaching rural areas

  Can lead to exposure to new technology , improvement of skills and labour productivity

  Social equality
• What are the negatives of SEC for EDCS and LIDCS?

  Jobs concentrated in core regions

  TNCs potentially exploitive

  Over-dependence on narrow income base

  Environmental issues of rapid industrialisation
• India, for example, has become a centre for aerospace engineering and IT development.
• Economies are dynamic.
• What are the Kondratieff cycles of growth and stagnation linked with?

  Technological innovation with new industries providing the basis for a boom but once the technology is no longer new fewer opportunities for growth exist so boom is followed by recession
• What are the affects of a boom?

  Economic growth, low unemployment and positive multiplier effect
• What are the effects of a recession?

  People’s spending power is reduced, job losses and negative multiplier effect
• Where is technological innovation concentrated?

  Core regions e.g Silicon Valley
• Silicon Valley is a core area with an output of $275 billion a year. It is where similar tech companies locate to gain a competitive advantage ( clustering/agglomeration).
• What are Venture Funds?

  Capital that funds risky innovation— half of the venture capital in USA is spent in the Silicon Valley