STS CHAP 1

• Science and Technology and Society

  • interdisciplinary course designed to examine the ways that science and technology shape, and are shaped by, our society, politics, and culture
  • explores the conditions under which production, distribution and utilization of scientific knowledge and technological systems occur
• • Science
  • evolving body of knowledge that is based on theoretical expositions and experimental and empirical activities that generates universal truths
• • Technology
  • application of science and creation of systems, processes and objects designed to help humans in their daily activities
• • Society
  • defined as a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction, or a large social group sharing the same geographical or social territory
• ANCIENT TIMES TO 600 BC

  Science during ancient times involved practical arts like healing practices and metal tradition.

  • Egyptians
  • Mesopotamians
• • Medicine
  • 2650 BC - Imhotep was renowned for his knowledge of medicine
• • Papyrus
  • an ancient form of paper, made from the papyrus plant, a reed which grows in the marshy areas around the Nile river
• • Mesopotamians
  • Making of pottery using the Potter’s wheel
  • Horse-drawn chariots
• ADVENT OF SCIENCE  (600 BC to 500 AD)

  • Greeks
  • the early thinkers and the first true scientists
  • Scientific thought in Classical Antiquity becomes tangible from the 6th century BC in pre-Socratic philosophy
• • Circa 385 BC
  • Academy was founded by Plato
• “Scientific Revolution” begins with Aristotle (Plato’s student)
• ISLAMIC GOLDEN AGE

  • traditionally understood to have begun during the reign of the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid (786 to 809) with the inauguration of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad
• ISLAMIC GOLDEN AGE

  • where scholars from various parts of the world were mandated to gather and translate all of the world's classical knowledge into the Arabic language
• Astronomy was useful in determining the Qibla which is the direction in which to pray
• • Mathematics also flourished during the Islamic Golden Age with the works of Al-Khwarizmi, Avicenna and Jamshid al Kashi that led to advances in algebra, trigonometry, geometry and Arabic numerals.
• SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY IN CHINA

  • Four Great Inventions
  • Papermaking
  • Compass
  • Printing
  • Gunpowder
• RENAISSANCE (1300 AD - 1600 AD)

  • 14th century 
  • beginning of the cultural movement of the Renaissance
  • considered by many as the Golden Age of Science.
• RENAISSANCE (1300 AD - 1600 AD)

  this initial period is usually seen as one of scientific backwardness
• • After the Fall of Constantinople (1453)
  • rediscovery of ancient scientific texts was accelerated 
  • invention of printing democratized learning 
  • allowed a faster propagation of new ideas.
• • Marie Boas Hall 
  • coined the term Scientific Renaissance  (early phase of the Scientific Revolution) (1450–1630)
• • Peter Dear 
  • argued for a two-phase model of early modern science: 
  • a Scientific Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centuries, focused on the restoration of the natural knowledge of the ancients; 
  • a Scientific Revolution of the 17th century, when scientists shifted from recovery to innovation
• • Development of printing
  • The most important technological advance of all in this period 
  • with movable metal type, about the mid-15th century in Germany.
• Development of printing

  • Johannes Gutenberg 
  • usually called its inventor, but in fact many people and many steps were involved.
• • Block printing on wood 
  • came to the West from China between 1250 and 1350
  • Papermaking 
  • came from China by way of the Arabs to 12th-century Spain
  • Flemish technique of oil painting 
  • was the origin of the new printers’ ink
  • Three men of Mainz - Gutenberg and his contemporaries Johann Fust and Peter Schöffer
  • casting metal type and locking it into a wooden press
• ENLIGHTENMENT PERIOD (1715 AD - 1789 AD)

  • Age of Reason
  • characterized by radical reorientation in science, which emphasized reason over superstition and science over blind faith
• ENLIGHTENMENT PERIOD (1715 AD - 1789 AD)

  • 17th-century precursors included the key natural philosophers of the Scientific Revolution, including:
  • Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
  • Its roots are usually traced to 1680s England
• ENLIGHTENMENT PERIOD (1715 AD - 1789 AD)

  • When two works that provided the scientific, mathematical and philosophical toolkit for the major advances were produced:
  • “Principia Mathematica” (1686) by Isaac Newton 
  • consists the comprehension of a diversity of physical phenomena 
  • served as a model and inspiration for the researches of a number of Enlightenment thinkers
  • “Essay Concerning Human Understanding” (1689) by John Locke
• INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION  (1760 - 1840)

  • Rise of the textile and metallurgical industry
• • Great Britain
  • home of the Industrial Revolution
  • Science of Metallurgy 
  • permitted the tailoring of alloy steels to industrial specifications 
  • Science of Chemistry 
  • permitted the creation of new substances of fundamental industrial importance
• • Steam engine 
  • posed the problems that led, by way of a search for a theory of steam power, to the creation of thermodynamics
• • INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION  (1760 - 1840)
  • Technological changes included the following: 
  • new basic materials (chiefly iron and steel)
  • new energy sources (including both fuels and motive power)
  • new machines (such as the spinning jenny and the power loom) 
  • permitted increased production with a smaller expenditure of human energy
  • new organization of work known as the factory system
  • which entailed increased division of labor and specialization of function
  • developments in transportation and communication
• 20TH CENTURY SCIENCE: PHYSICS AND INFORMATION AGE

  • established an intimate connection between science and technology
• • 20th century cosmology 
  • improved our knowledge of the place that man and his planet occupy in the universe
• • Start of the 20th century
  • strongly marked by Einstein’s formulation of the theory of relativity (1905) 
  • including the unifying concept of energy related to mass and the speed of light: E = mc2 
  • Einstein made many more contributions, notably to statistical mechanics, and he provided a great inspiring influence for many other physicists
• • Second half of the 20th century 
  • physics, chemistry, biology, geology and astronomy continued to make progress
  • Development of the semiconductor (transistor)
  • Nanotechnology 
  • In nuclear physics - the discovery of subatomic particles 
• 1953 - important landmark for biology with the description by Crick and Watson of the structure of DNA, the carrier of genetic information
• • Astrophysics 
  • Confirmed the great unity of physics that manifests itself clearly at each new stage of the understanding of reality
  • Biology 
  • discovery of DNA and the development of genetics
  • Information technology and the digital processing of information 
  • Medicine 
  • Found a cure for many life-threatening diseases and the beginning of organ transplants
• FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

  • describes the blurring boundaries between the physical, digital, and biological worlds
  • a fusion of advances in AI, robotics, the IoT, 3D printing, genetic engineering, quantum computing, and other technologies.
• • Artificial intelligence (AI) 
  • describes computers that can “think” like humans — recognizing complex patterns, processing information, drawing conclusions, and making recommendations
  • Virtual reality (VR) 
  • offers immersive digital experiences (using a VR headset) that simulate the real world
  • Biotechnology 
  • harnesses cellular and biomolecular processes to develop new technologies and products for a range of uses
• SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

  PRE- SPANISH ERA

  • First inhabitants (primitive Filipinos)
  • Settled in Palawan and Batangas
  • 40,000 years ago
  • Made tools using hard stones
  • Clay
  • Smelting metals
  • Settled near water source
  • Agriculture
  • Coastal trade