phonetics

• Phonology


  The area of study that refers to the more abstract sound system
• Phonetics


  The area of study that is concerned with investigating how sounds are actually produced by language users
• Prosodics


  The study of how speakers can shape meanings through emphasising certain aspects of intonation, speed and volume
• International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)


  A system for showing the different sounds possible
• Heterophones


  Words that have the same spelling but very different pronunciation and meanings
• Homophones


  Words that are pronounced the same but have different meaning and may have different spelling
• The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a system for showing how we use different sounds that a conventional alphabet for written language cannot do
• The sound 'augh' in naughty and laughter is different
• We need a way to indicate which pronunciation of 'row' is being used
• Consonants


  • The consonant sounds can be grouped by how they are articulated in the mouth
  • All consonant sounds involve the restriction of airflow by articulators: either the lips coming together (labial), or the tongue being positioned against the teeth (dental) or in some part of the roof of the mouth (alveolar ridge, hard and soft palate)
• Vowels


  • Vowels don't involve restriction/release of airflow in the mouth
  • They can be grouped together depending on whether they are long or short or are dipthongs (a combination of two sounds/vowels)
• Sound iconicity


  The matching of sound to an aspect of meaning
• Consonance


  A pattern of repeated consonant sounds for effect
• Assonance


  A pattern of repeated vowel sounds for effect
• Sibilance


  A pattern of repeated fricative sounds especially /s/ for effect
• Lexical onomatopoeia


  Words that have some associated meaning between their sound and what they represent
• Non-lexical onomatopoeia


  'Non-words' that nonetheless are intended to signify meaning through sound 'brrrm'
• Minimal pairs


  Two words that differ in only one single sound like 'hobbit' and 'habit'
• Homophones


  Two or more words that have the same pronunciation but different meanings, origins, or spelling, for example new and knew or flour and flower
• Heterophones


  Homonyms that share the same spelling but have different pronunciations for example, read and read or present (v) or present (n)
• Phonological manipulation


  Making creative changes to sound patterns to give certain effects