Biology

• Circular respiration


  Food + oxygen = energy + carbon dioxide + water
• Seven characteristics of living things

  • Movement
  • Respiration
  • Sensitivity
  • Growth
  • Reproduction
  • Excretion
  • Nutrition
• Organisms


  Living things
• Biosphere


  The surface of the Earth where living things can survive
• Habitat


  A specific place where a specific organism lives
• Ecosystem


  Organisms interacting with the non-living environment
• Resolution


  The ability to tell apart two or more objects close together
• Cell membrane


  Surrounds cell, is very thin and flexible, holds substances in the cell, acts as a 'gatekeeper' to control chemicals that enter or leave
• Enzymes


  Proteins that help speed up metabolic reactions
• Friendly microbes


  • Yeast
  • Blue cheese
  • Wine
• Microorganisms


  Microscopic organisms including bacteria, fungi, archaea, protists, viruses, and prions
• Why would scientists use electron microscopes instead of light microscopes?

  Higher resolution
• Three ways red blood cells are adapted to carry out respiration

  • No nucleus
  • Disc shape
  • Large surface area
• Three organs in the digestive system

  • Intestines
  • Liver
  • Stomach
• Tissue


  A small group of similar cells
• Diffusion


  The process that allows humans to smell
• Amoeba and paramecium


  Single-celled, unicellular organisms
• Two features of ciliated cells and how they protect against microorganisms

  • Mucus which traps microbes
  • Cilia that sweep microbes towards the mouth to stop them getting into the lungs
• Respiratory system


  Involves the lungs
• Two adaptations that allow plant roots to absorb minerals and water

  • Large surface area
  • Thin cell wall
• DNA


  Found in the nucleus of a cell
• Neurones


  Nerve cells that send and receive messages from the nervous system, long and thin to transport messages over a distance, have many branches to connect to other neurones
• Ciliated cells


  Have tiny hair-like cilia that move in a sweeping motion to trap microbes in mucus and sweep them towards the mouth
• Root hair cells


  Absorb water and mineral ions, have a large surface area and thin cell wall to increase absorption rate
• Palisade cells


  Absorb light for plants to photosynthesise, found on the upper surface of leaves, contain many chloroplasts
• Red blood cells carry oxygen
• Cell


  Every living thing is made up of similar cells
• Equipment used to see cells in the lab

  • Light microscope
  • Electron microscope
• Cell membrane


  Controls what can go into or out of the cell
• Cytoplasm


  Jelly-like substance where chemical reactions happen
• Three organelles plant cells have that animal cells don't

  • Chloroplasts
  • Cell wall
  • Vacuole
• Chloroplasts


  Responsible for providing nutrients to the plant from photosynthesis, capture sunlight and use it to make glucose
• What is true of plant cells?

  • Have a cell wall which provides strength and rigidity
  • Have chloroplasts which are the site of photosynthesis
  • Have a cell membrane and a cell wall
• Muscles


  Direct the flow of blood and movement of the body
• Ligaments


  Structures that connect the bones of the skeleton together
• Functions of the human skeleton

  • Protecting organs
  • Making blood cells
• Organelle


  Small, specialized structures found inside cells
• Red and white blood cells are found in the bone marrow
• Palisade cells are found on leaves
• Guard cells are found in the leaf epidermis