Bone & Mechanics 1-6

• Skeleton


  Supports the body, helps the body move around
• Functions of the skeleton

  • Support the body
  • Help the body move around
  • Protect major organs (brain, heart, lungs)
  • Store minerals
  • Red blood cell formation
• Bones


  Hard tissue that allows the bones to have specialized functions

  
• Functions of the skeleton

  • Support the body
  • Help the body move around
  • Protect major organs (brain, heart, lungs)
  • Store minerals
  • Red blood cell formation
• Bones


  • Hard tissue that acts as levers to pull on soft tissue for movement
  • Without hard tissue, soft tissue would be a squishy mess
• Bones


  • They are able to take the amount of weight in the body and support the rest of the bodies tissues
  • They have a soft tissue which needs something to act & move the other part of the body (e.g. shoulder blades)
  • They need hard tissues as the hard tissue needs to pull on soft tissue for movement. Without them, soft tissues would be a squishy mess
• Bones contain a hard tissue and a soft tissue

  
• Specialized functions of bones

  • Support the body weight
  • Support and protect the major organs
  • Store minerals
  • Red blood cell formation

  
• The hard tissue acts as a lever to pull the other part of the bone using the soft tissue

  
• Red marrow


  Located in the medullary cavity (centre part), it is where red blood cells form. As we get older, the red marrow starts to form yellow marrow, which is not as productive.
• Soft tissues need the hard tissues, without them the soft tissues would be a squishy mess
• Compact bones


  • They are strong and more located on the outer parts of the entire bone
  • They look dense and smooth
  • They are good at transmitting force in one direction

  
• Bones are able to store minerals needed for body growth and movement

  
• Bones contain red bone marrow which is the site of red blood cell formation
• Compact bone


  Strong, dense, located on the outer parts of the bone, good at transmitting force in one direction

  
• Cancellous bones


  • They are a lot lighter and weaker than compact bones
  • They are more spongy looking and are usually at the end of the bones and criss-crossy
  • They are less dense, however very handy to have because they are shock absorbing
  • They resist and channel forces coming from different directions then transmit to the contact bone

  
• Bone classes


  • Long bones
  • Short bones
  • Flat bones
  • Irregular bones

  
• Cancellous bone


  Lighter, weaker, spongy, located at the ends of bones, shock absorbing, resists and channels forces coming from different directions

  
• Bone classes


  • Long bones
  • Short bones
  • Flat bones
  • Irregular bones

  
• Long bones


  • They are longer than they are wide, so they contain a more narrow shaft
  • They are composed of a wider epiphyses (end part of the bone, growing separately from the shaft) and a narrower diaphyses (made up of compact bones and cancellous bones)
  • They act as levers for movement

  
• Long bones


  • Longer than they are wide, contain a narrow shaft, composed of a wider epiphysis (end part) and a narrower diaphysis, act as levers for movement

  
• Short bones


  • They are anything that's equal to the length and width
  • They are mostly made up of the cancellous bone (they're weaker/lighter)
  • They have no compact bone, only a thin layer on the outside. This is because the cancellous are shock absorbing

  
• Short bones


  • Equal length and width, mostly made up of cancellous bone, no compact bone except for a thin outer layer, can resist a lot of force from multiple directions

  
• Flat bones


  • They are thin plates of compact bones
  • They provide a large surface area for muscles to attach on
  • They are able to protect (e.g. skull)

  
• Flat bones


  • Thin plates of compact bone, provide a large surface area for muscle attachment

  
• Irregular bones


  • They come in various shapes and sizes
  • They often have foramina (lots of holes) that other structures can fit through

  
• Irregular bones


  • Come in various shapes and sizes, often have foramina (holes) that other structures can fit through

  
• Divisions of the skeleton

  • Axial skeleton
  • Appendicular skeleton

  
• Divisions of the skeleton

  • Axial skeleton (skull, sternum, ribs, vertebral column)
  • Appendicular skeleton (limbs)

  
• Axial skeleton


  • It contains the bones of the core: skull, sternum, ribs, vertebral column, sacrum, coccyx
  • It protects the vital organs from flat bones

  
• Axial skeleton


  • Bones of the core, protect vital organs

  
• Appendicular skeleton


  • It contains the long bones of the limbs
  • It is the most important skeleton for movement

  
• Appendicular skeleton


  • Most important for movement, contain the long bones of the limbs

  
• Upper limb


  • It is adapted for manipulating objects and precise movements
  • It does not need as much stability as the lower limb
• Upper limb


  • Adapted for manipulating objects and precise movements, does not need as much stability
• Lower limb


  • It needs stability and movement as it's taking all of our weight
  • The tibia is robust (weight bearing)
• Lower limb


  • Needs stability and movement as it bears the body's weight, has a more robust tibia for weight bearing
• Pectoral girdle


  • It contains the clavicle and scapula
  • It attaches the upper limb to the axial skeleton

  
• Bones are living tissues that can respond to the forces placed on them throughout life

  
• Pelvic girdle


  • It contains the hip bone, sacrum, and is very weight bearing
  • The female pelvis is bigger to accommodate childbirth