Organic Synthesis

• What is the first step in the reaction involving alcoholic NH3 under heat and pressure?

  NuSub
• What reagent is used in Step 1 of the reaction involving alcoholic NH3?

  H2SO4
• What is the second step in the reaction involving alcoholic NH3?

  H2O warm hydrolysis
• What is the reagent used in the nucleophilic substitution reaction with KOH?

  KOH aqueous
• What type of reaction occurs with Br2 and Cl2 under UV light?

  Fr Sub
• What is the condition for KOH in the elimination reaction?

  KOH aqueous heat under reflux
• What type of amine is involved in the reaction with alkane?

  1o amine
• What is the product of the reaction between halogenoalkane and alkene?

  alkene
• What is the product of the reaction between alcohol and ketone?

  aldehyde
• What is the product of the reaction between carboxylic acid and diol?

  ester
• What is the product of the reaction between nitrile and KCN in ethanol/water mixture?

  hydroxynitrile
• What is the reagent used to reduce a ketone?

  NaBH4
• What is the product of the reaction between alcohol and H2SO4?

  ester
• What is the reagent used for the hydrolysis of esters and amides?

  NaOH and acids
• What is the reagent used to produce NO2?

  conc nitric acid + conc sulfuric acid
• What is the catalyst used in the electrophilic substitution reaction with acyl chloride?

  anhydrous aluminium chloride
• What is the reagent used to reduce NH2 in the reaction with Sn and HCl?

  Sn and HCl
• What is the result of the reaction between aldehyde and Tollen's reagent?

  Silver mirror formed
• Why do chemists aim to design processes that do not require a solvent?

  To avoid costly separation processes
• What is the purpose of using fewer steps in production methods?

  Higher percentage atom economy
• What are the steps in the recrystallization process?

  1. Dissolve impure compound in hot solvent
  2. Hot filter solution to remove insoluble impurities
  3. Cool solution to form crystals
  4. Use Buchner flask for suction filtration
  5. Wash crystals with distilled water
  6. Dry crystals between absorbent paper
• What is the observation when primary alcohol is oxidized to aldehyde using potassium dichromate?

  Orange dichromate changes to green Cr3+
• What is the purpose of reflux in organic reactions?

  To prevent organic vapours from escaping
• Why should the end of the condenser never be sealed?

  To prevent gas pressure buildup
• What are the key features of a Liebig condenser setup?

  • No lines between flask and condenser
  • Open water in/out openings
  • Outer tube sealed at top and bottom
• What is the purpose of anti-bumping granules in distillation and reflux?

  To prevent vigorous, uneven boiling
• What is the method used to measure boiling point accurately?

  Thermometer above boiling liquid surface
• How can purity of a liquid be determined?

  By measuring its boiling point
• What happens to the melting point of a sample with impurities?

  It lowers and broadens the melting range
• What is the result of the reaction between carboxylic acid and sodium carbonate?

  Effervescence of CO2 evolved
• What is the result of the reaction between aldehyde and Fehling's solution?

  Blue solution to red precipitate
• What is the active substance in Tollen's reagent?

  [Ag(NH3)2]+ complex ion
• What is the observation when aldehydes react with Tollen's reagent?

  Silver mirror forms in test tube
• What is the reaction of aldehydes with Fehling's solution?

  Oxidized to carboxylic acid
• What happens to copper ions in Fehling's solution when reacting with aldehydes?

  Reduced to copper(I) oxide
• What is the result of the reaction between acyl chloride and silver nitrate?

  Vigorous reaction with white precipitate
• What is the observation when chloroalkane reacts with warm silver nitrate?

  Slow formation of white precipitate of AgCl
• What is the result of the reaction between sodium carbonate and carboxylic acid?

  Effervescence of CO2 evolved
• What is the observation when primary alcohol is oxidized to carboxylic acid?

  Orange dichromate changes to green Cr3+
• What is the purpose of using a limited amount of dichromate in the oxidation of primary alcohol to aldehyde?

  To prevent further oxidation to carboxylic acid