Musculoskeletal

• Long bones


  • Hard/dense, provide strength, structure, mobility
  • Examples: arms, legs
• Short bones


  • Allow ease of movement (cube shape)
  • Examples: carpals of the wrists and the tarsals of the ankles
• Flat bones


  • Thin, flat, curved, protect organs
  • Examples: ribs, sternum (breastbone), skull, pelvic, scapulae (shoulder blades)
• Irregular bones


  • Various bony projections, interact with other bones, provide sites for muscle attachment, provide flexibility
  • Examples: hip, spines, skull
• Sesamoid bones


  • Short/irregular, imbedded in tendon, protect it
  • Example: patella (knee cap)
• Ossicle


  Tiny bones in the ear
• Joints


  Two bones meet
• Synovial membrane


  • Lines the joint and secretes synovial fluid, acts as a lubricant so joint can move smoothly
• Hinge joint


  • 1 direction movement
• Pivot joint


  • Side to side movement
• Ball and socket joint


  • Move anywhere
• Types of joint movement

  • Fibrous (immovable)
  • Cartilaginous (slightly movable)
  • Synovial (freely movable)
• Components of a synovial joint

  • Articular cartilage
  • Joint capsule
  • Synovial membrane
  • Synovial fluid
  • Bursae
• Articular cartilage


  Lines the surface of each of the two bones, forming a smooth surface within the joint
• Joint capsule


  Made up of fibrous connective tissue, enclosing the joint in a strong sleeve like covering
• Synovial membrane


  Lines the joint capsule and secretes lubricating synovial fluid into the joint cavity
• Synovial fluid


  Lubricates the bones in the joint
• Bursae


  Small sacs of synovial fluid that function as a cushion and gliding surface between the joint and the tendon
• Cartilage


  Cushions the joints so the bones don't rub together
• Tendons


  Connect muscles to bones