Class and achievement

• What does Becker argue is the cause of negative labelling between classes?


  Teachers have a view of the ideal pupil which tends to fit with middle class ideals
• Who argued that those in higher sets are school tend to be middle class pupil?

  Ball
• What does Wood suggest about subcultures?


  They are more likely to be formed by working class pupils
• What is material deprivation?


  The lack of basic necessities such as shelter, food, etc...
• Who found a correlation between material deprivation and academic achievement?

  Douglas
• What does Douglas argue about parental attitudes and class?

  Working class parents are less likely to have time for their child's education
• What does Hyman argue is the cause of working class underachievement?


  Working class pupils place a lower value on education which leads to the creation of subcultures
• Who identified elaborate and restricted code?

  Bernstein
• Who proposed the idea of cultural capital?

  Bourdieu
• How does elaborate code aid to working class underachievement?


  As the national curriculum is written in elaborate code middle class students who were socialised with this are advantaged