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UNIT TWO BIOLOGY
Metabolic pathways
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Metabolic Pathways
Integrated and controlled pathways of enzyme-catalysed reactions within a
cell
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Metabolic Pathways
Can have
reversible
steps
Can have
irreversible
steps
Can have
alternative
routes
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Anabolic
Reactions
Build
up
large
molecules from
small
molecules
and require
energy
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Catabolic
Reactions
Break
down
large
molecules into
smaller
molecules and
release
energy
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Membranes
Consist of
proteins
and
phospholipids
Phospholipids create a
bilayer
and are constantly moving, giving the membrane
flexibility
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Channel-forming
proteins
Create
pores
which control the
diffusion
of small molecules across the cell
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Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of
high
concentration to an area of
low
concentration
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Active transport
Movement
of molecules from an area of
low
concentration
to an area of
high
concentration
and requires
energy
in the form of
ATP
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Sodium-Potassium
pump
An example of a
carrier
protein involved in
active transport
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ATP Synthase
An example of a membrane embedded enzyme which produces
ATP
from
ADP
+
Pi
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Activation Energy
The energy required to initiate a
chemical
reaction
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Enzymes
Lower the activation energy required for a
reaction
to take place
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Affinity
The activity of enzymes depends on their
flexible
and
dynamic
shape
Substrate molecules have high affinity for the
active site
of an enzyme (bind
readily
)
Products of enzyme reactions have a
low
affinity for the active site of an enzyme, allowing them to
leave
the active site
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Induced Fit
The enzyme is
flexible
and the substrate can induce the active site to change shape to better fit the substrate after the substrate
binds
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Direction of enzyme-controlled reactions
1. Presence of a substrate or removal of a product will drive a sequence of
reactions
in a particular
direction
2. Most enzymes can also work in
reverse
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As the concentration of Substrate or Enzyme increases
The rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction
increases
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If either enzyme or substrate concentration is limited
The rate reaction will only
increase
up to a point, beyond which the rate of reaction remains
constant
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Competitive Inhibitors
Bind at the
active site
of the enzyme, preventing the substrate from binding
Competitive inhibition can be reversed by
increasing substrate concentration
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Non-competitive
Inhibitors
Bind
away
from the active site (at an allosteric site) but change the shape of the active site, preventing the
substrate
from binding
Non-competitive inhibition
cannot be reversed by increasing substrate
concentration
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Feedback Inhibition
The
end-product
in the metabolic pathway reaches a critical
concentration
and then inhibits an earlier enzyme, blocking the pathway and preventing further synthesis of the end-product
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