General Biology 2

• Organ systems and their functions in plants and animals

  • Reproduction
  • Development
  • Nutrition
  • Gas exchange
  • Transport/circulation, regulation of body fluids
  • Chemical and nervous control
  • Immune systems
  • Sensory and motor mechanisms
• Homeostasis


  Maintaining steady internal conditions through various structures and processes
• Reproduction


  A biological process in which different organisms have the ability to produce another of their kind
• Methods of reproduction


  • Asexual reproduction
  • Sexual reproduction
• Asexual reproduction


  • Budding
  • Fragmentation and regeneration
  • Binary fission
  • Vegetative propagation
  • Spore formation
• Asexual reproduction in plants vs animals

  • Mostly in plants
  • Mostly in lower animals
• Budding


  An organism is reproduced by forming an outgrowth, or a "bud", from a part of the parent organism's body
• Fragmentation and regeneration


  An organism is produced from the detached body part of its parent
• Binary fission


  A parent organism splits into two "daughter" organisms, usually done by prokaryotic organisms and some invertebrates

  
• Vegetative propagation


  A plant part is used to reproduce another plant
• Spore formation


  The production of spores, specialized asexual reproductive cells, most conspicuous in non-seed-bearing plants
• Sexual reproduction


  • Involves gametes (sperm and egg cells)
  • Fertilization leads to zygote formation
  • Zygote develops into an embryo
• Flower


  Sexual reproductive structure that produces egg and sperm cells
• Flower structure


  • Pistil (stigma, style, ovary)
  • Stamen (anther, filament)
• Pollination


  1. Transfer of mature pollen grains from the anther to the stigma

  2. By wind, insects, birds and other animals
• Fertilization


  Sperm travels through pollen tube to ovule, fusing with egg to form zygote
• Alternation of generation


  Plants alternate between haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte stages in their life cycle
• Morphogenesis


  • The process that determines the shape of an organism
  • Plants develop through a longer period of morphogenesis than animals
  • Plants grow by increasing cell size, animals grow by increasing cell number
• Plants and animals have physical differences and similarities in their reproduction systems
• Sexual reproduction differs from asexual reproduction
• There are differences in the development of plants and animals in terms of life cycle
• There is a difference in morphogenesis between plants and animals
• Organ systems and their functions in plants and animals


  • Reproduction
  • Development
  • Nutrition
  • Gas exchange
  • Transport/circulation, regulation of body fluids
  • Chemical and nervous control
  • Immune systems
  • Sensory and motor mechanisms
• Homeostasis


  Maintaining steady internal conditions through various structures and processes
• Reproduction


  A biological process in which different organisms have the ability to produce another of their kind
• Methods of reproduction


  • Asexual reproduction
  • Sexual reproduction
• Asexual reproduction


  • Budding
  • Fragmentation and regeneration
  • Binary fission
  • Vegetative propagation
  • Spore formation
• Asexual reproduction in plants vs animals


  • Mostly in plants
  • Mostly in lower animals
• Budding


  An organism is reproduced by forming an outgrowth, or a "bud", from a part of the parent organism's body
• Fragmentation and regeneration


  An organism is produced from the detached body part of its parent
• Binary fission


  A parent organism splits into two "daughter" organisms, usually done by prokaryotic organisms and some invertebrates

  
• Vegetative propagation


  A plant part is used to reproduce another plant
• Spore formation


  The production of spores, specialized asexual reproductive cells, most conspicuous in non-seed-bearing plants
• Sexual reproduction


  • Involves gametes (sperm and egg cells)
  • Fertilization leads to zygote formation
  • Zygote develops into an embryo
• Flower


  Sexual reproductive structure that produces egg and sperm cells
• Flower structure


  • Pistil (stigma, style, ovary)
  • Stamen (anther, filament)
• Pollination


  1. Transfer of mature pollen grains from the anther to the stigma

  2. By wind, insects, birds and other animals
• Fertilization


  Sperm travels through pollen tube to ovule, fusing with egg to form zygote
• Alternation of generation


  Plants alternate between haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte stages in their life cycle
• Morphogenesis


  • The process that determines the shape of an organism
  • Plants develop through a longer period of morphogenesis than animals
  • Plants grow by increasing cell size, animals grow by increasing cell number