Evolution of Philippine Politics and Government

• barangay -  was the Filipino's earliest form of government.
• Barangay - It was an independent settlement consisting of thirty to one hundred families usually situated along a river bank or at the mouth of a river spilling out to the sea. 
• Under the  PRE-COLONIAL  the barangay was the Filipino's earliest form of government.
• Each barangay was ruled by a datu or village chief who was also known as raha or rajah.
• Pre-colonial - The political development of the archipelago was such that there was no national or central government yet.
• The datu usually obtained his position by inheritance.
• In matters of succession in the vent of the datu's death, the first son usually succeeded him.
• In the absence of any male heir, the eldest daughter could become a chieftain.
• If a datu died without any heir, the people of the barangay choose a man to become the new chieftain on the basis of his wisdom, wealth and physical strength. 
• Succession after datu died are the following (in order)

  1. First son 2. Eldest daughter 3. Will chose from the village
• The Spanish at first viewed the Philippines as a stepping-stone to the riches of the East Indies (Spice Islands)
• Ferdinand Magellan landed in the Philippines in the year 1521.
• Miguel López de Legazpi (sent by King Philip II), established the first permanent Spanish settlement, in Cebu, in 1565.
• True -  Friars marched with soldiers and soon accomplished the nominal conversion to Roman Catholicism of all the local people under Spanish administration.
• The Muslims (Moros) of Mindanao and Sulu, were never completely subdued by Spain.  
• SPANISH OCCUPATION -  At first, tax farming/ tribute payers with religious instructions.
• Governor-general appointed by the king ruled.
• Manila dominated the islands and the commercial trades (Galleon) and over Chinese merchants.  
• who ruled the government under the Spanish occupation?

  Governor-general and Archibishop
• The priests tried to move all the people into pueblos, or villages, surrounding the great stone churches.
• Under the Spanish occupation the datu's once hereditary position became subject to Spanish appointment. 
• Not until 1863 was there public education in the Philippines, and even then the church controlled the curriculum.
• Less than one-fifth of those who went to school could read and write Spanish, and far fewer could speak it properly. 
• By the 1880s many sons of the wealthy were sent to Europe to study.
• Under Spanish occupation ( 1880s) , nationalism and a passion for reform blossomed in the liberal atmosphere. (Propaganda Movement, La Liga Filipina, Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo )
• Shocked by the arrest of Rizal in 1892, these activists quickly formed the Katipunan under the leadership of Andres Bonifacio.
• In August 1896, Spanish friars uncovered evidence of the Katipunan's plans, and its leaders were forced into premature action.
• In December 1897 a truce was concluded with the Spanish. Emilio Aguinaldo, a municipal mayor and commander of the rebel forces, was paid a large sum and was allowed to go to Hong Kong with other leaders.  
• War had broken out between Spain and the United States (the Spanish-American War).
• Aguinaldo and his entourage returned to the Philippines with the help of Adm. George Dewey.
• Confident of U.S. support, Aguinaldo reorganized his forces and soon liberated several towns south of Manila. Independence was declared on June 12, 1898.
• U.S. troops had landed in Manila and, with important Filipino help, forced the capitulation in August 1898 of the Spanish commander.
• Treaty of Paris happened in  December 10, 1898.
• What provision the Americans brought the Philippines to Spain

  Treaty of Paris
• Aguinaldo was captured in March 1901 and shortly thereafter appealed to his countrymen to accept U.S. rule.
• Philippine Presidents ( in order )

  • Emilio Aguinaldo ( 1898-1901)
  • Manuel Quezon (1935-1944)
  • Jose Laurel ( 1943-1945)
  • Sergio Osmena (1944-1946)
  • Manuel Roxas (1946-1948)
  • Elpidio Quirino (1948-1953)
  • Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957)
  • Carlos Garcia (1957-1961)
  • Diosdado Macapagal (1961-1965)
  • Ferdinand Marcos Sr. (1965-1986)
  • Corazon Aquino (1986-1992)
  • Fidel Ramos (1992-1998)
  • Joseph Estrada (1998-2001)
  • Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (2001-2010)
  • Benigno Aquino lll (2010-2016)
  • Rodrigo Duterte (2016-2022)
  •  Ferdinand Marcos Jr. (2022-present)