The Study of Human Development

• Development - the pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through the life span
• Human Development - Scientific study of processes of change and stability throughout the human life span. Encompasses the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial changes
• Lifespan Development - the concept of human development as a lifelong process. Focuses on the patterns and processes of change that occur throughout the life span
• What are the 4 Goals of Human Development?

  Describe Behavior, Explain Behavior, Predict Behavior, Change Behavior
• What are the 3 Domains of Development?

  Physical Development, Cognitive Development, Psychosocial Development
• Physical Development - growths of body and brain; sensory capacity, motor skills, health
• Cognitive Development - learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity
• Psychosocial Development - emotions, personality, and social relationships
• Erikson's Eight-Stage Theory - socially and culturally influenced process of development of the ego or self
• Social Construction - a concept or practice that is an invention of a particular culture or society. May appear natural and obvious to those who accept it but that in reality is an inventions of a particular culture or society
• What are the Typical Major Developments in Eight Periods of Human Development?

  Prenatal period (conception-birth), Infancy and Toddlerhood (birth to 3), Early Childhood (3-6), Middle Childhood (6-11), Adolescence (11-20), Emerging and Young Adulthood (20-40), Middle Adulthood (40-65), Late Adulthood (65-over)
• Influences on Development - come from both heredity and environment. Typical changes during childhood are related to maturation
• They also study individual differences in characteristics, influences, and developmental outcomes
• Some influences are internal, driven, and biological processes. Heredity can be conceptualized as the genetic roll of the dice. It consists of the inborn traits and characteristics provided by a child’s biological parents
• Other influences stem from the environment outside the body, starting at conception with the prenatal environment in the womb and continuing throughout life. The totality of non-heredity or experiential, influences on development
• Maturation of the body and brain—the unfolding of a natural sequence of physical changes and behavior patterns
• What are the 3 Types of Family

  Nuclear Family, Extended Family, Polygamy
• Nuclear family - is a household unit consisting of one or two parents and their children, whether biological, adopted, or stepchildren
• Extended family - a multigenerational network of grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, and more distant relatives—is the traditional family form
• Polygamy - a family structure in which one parent (most commonly the father) is married to multiple spouses, is even more unusual
• A family’s socioeconomic status (SES) is based on family income and the educational and occupational levels of the adults in the household
• What is this?

  Socioeconomic Satus

  
• What are the Philippine Income Classes?

  Poor (less than PHP 11,690), Low Income (between PHP 11,690 to PHP 23,281 per month), Lower Middle class (between PHP 46,761 to PHP 81, 832 per month), Middle Middle class (between PHP 46,761 to PHP 81,832 per month), Upper Middle class (between PHP 81,832 to PHP 140,284 per month), Upper class (between PHP 140,284 to PHP 233,807 per month), Rich (above PHP 233,807 per month)
• Risk Factors - experiencing negative developmental outcomes or adverse affects on well-being
• Culture - A society’s or group’s total way of life, including customs, traditions, beliefs, values, language, and physical products—all learned behavior, passed on from parents to children
• Individualistic culture - A culture in which people tend to prioritize personal goals ahead of collective goals and to view themselves as distinct individuals
• Collectivistic culture - A culture in which people tend to prioritize collaborative social goals ahead of individual goals and to view themselves in the context of their social relationships
• Ethnic group - A group united by ancestry, race, religion, language, or national origins, which contribute to a sense of shared identity
• Ethnic minorities - Ethnic groups with national or cultural traditions different from the majority of the population
• Intersectionality - is an analytic framework focused on how a person’s identities—including characteristics such as race, gender, age, sexuality, disability, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity—combine to create differences in discrimination or privilege (Hill & Bilge, 2020)
• What is BLM?

  Black Lives Matter - A political and social movement focused on eliminating racially based violence against Black people through nonviolent protest and activism
• BIPOC (Black, indigenous, and people of color) has been adopted to refer these groups.
• Race - A grouping of humans distinguished by their outward physical characteristics or social qualities from other groups. Not a biological construct
• Ethnic gloss - Overgeneralization about an ethnic or cultural group that obscures differences within the group
• Historical Context - profoundly influences people's lives. t At one time developmentalists paid little attention to the historical context—the time in which people lived. However, over time investigators began to focus on how influences tied to time and place affect the course of people’s lives
• What are the two types of normative influences?

  Biological and Environmental
• Normative age-graded influences - events or experiences that are typical or expected at certain ages for most people within a particular culture or society
• History - refers to events or experiences that re common tp people of a particular generation or cohort due to the historical or societal context in which they live
• Historical generation - refers to a groups of people who were born and lived during the same historical period or era
• Cohort - a group of people born at about the same time. Share particular characteristics and experiences in common