migration online deck

• When did the Vikings Invade

  789 AD
• Why did the Vikings invade - main reasons

  Religion

  Wealth

  Politics

  Cultural
• Why did Vikings invade - Religion

  - Odin - God of War - wanted to please him
• Why did Vikings Invade - Economic

  - Farming - E.Ang. good comoared to Norway/Denmark

  - 793 - Lindesfarne - went for gold

  - Danegeld - Tax Anglo Saxons
• Why did Vikings invade - politics

  - Scandinavian overcrowding - political decision for resources (demographic movement)
• Why did Vikings Invade - Cultural

  - Explorers - part of their cultural identity

  - Eldest Inherits land - younger siblings need to find land
• When did the Normans invade England?

  1066 AD
• Why did the Normans invade - main reasons


  Religion

  Wealth

  Politics

  Cultural
• Why did the Normans invade - Religion

  - Pope's support - shown by the Papel banner - Crusades

  - Archbishop of Canterbury - promises the throne to William
• Why did the Normans invade - Economic

  - Feudal System - Gives everything to the King
• Why did the Normans invade - Politics

  - Promised the throne to William

  - England currently unstable after Edward died - opportunitistic
• Why did the Normans invade - Cultural

  - Warfaring people in general

  - Explorers - part of their cultural identity

  - Eldest inherits land - younger siblings need to find land
• When did William invite Jewish people to England

  1070 AD
• Why did Jewish People migrate - main reasons

  Religion

  Economic

  Politics
• Why did Jewish people migrate - Religion

  - Persecution of Jewish people in Middle East - 70CE

  - Anti sematism
• Why did Jewish people Migrate - Economic

  - Gave loans to the King (invited by him in 1070)

  - Became financiers

  - Were able to collect usury - were not Christian
• Why did Jewish People migrate - Politics

  - Religious persecution cause instability
• When did Low Countries and Lombardy start to migrate

  1220 AD
• Why did Low Countries and Lombardy migrate - main reasons

  Religion

  Economic

  Politics
• Why did Low Countries and Lombardy migrate - religion

  - Bankers - Christian

  - Were not able to charge interest until 1265 when the Pope allowed it
• Why did Low Countries and Lombardy migrate - economic

  - Black Death - more job opportunities (40%-60% of population gone)

  - Wool was being produced - 1270AD - invited by HIII - Weavers

  - EIII - guilds for weavers - 1330 - bans export of wool

  - Bankers - Lombards - more prosperous after 1265
• Why did Low Countries and Lombardy migrate - Politics

  - 100 years war - (1337 - 1453) - Low Countries work disrupted
• Viking Experience - Harmony


  - Trade locally and internationally

  - Gave structure - set up 'Things', had fun and told Sagas, lived in Danelaw and adapted quickly, King Cnut allowed some Saxons positions of power

  - England prospered - peaceful under Edgar and under the successor Edward the Confessor for a further 24 years

  - Danes allowed Saxons to mint coins and circle them in Danelaw

  - Many Dane's became Christians - worshipped alongside their gods
• Viking experience - Conflict


  - Alfred's son Edward and Athelstan fought campaigns to control Danelaw - A won 937

  - Vikings raided to regain old Danelaw - Ethelred tried to pay them to keep them away

  - St Brice's Day - 13 Nov 1002 - Ethelred massacred all the Danes in Enlgand's territory

  - Viking attacks increased in response - 1013 Ethelred driven out and 1016 Dane Cnut became king
• Normans experience - harmony

  - Feudal system - gave land to supporters so was good for some

  - Domesday book 1086 - land was marked and same tax as Edward the Confessor
• Normans experience - Conflict

  - Castles meant Normans could prevent rebellions and display power

  - Feudal system - takes all the land for the Normans

  - Danes left 1071

  - 1068 - Exeter Siege - Normans won

  - 1069-70 - Harrying of the North - Normans destroyed Saxon livelihood and homes as a warning
• Jewish experience - harmony

  - Helped businesses and trades flourish for many years

  - Created Jewries - separate areas of towns and cities where Jews lived
• Jewish experience - conflict

  - Had to charge high interest- resentment from others

  - Church taught against Jews - also blood libel and other false story propaganda

  - 3rd Sep 1189 - Richard i coronation - mobs attacked Jewish parts of London (30 killed)

  - 1265 - Pope allowed Christian bankers to charge usury - less needed

  - 1218 - ordered to wear distinctive badge - stricter in 1253

  - 1230s - Jews expelled from several towns

  - 1265 - 500 killed in London

  - 1275 - EI made law banning Jews collecting interest

  - 1290 - EI ordered all Jews to convert to Christianity or leave - 3000 refused, most converted
• Low Countries/ Lombardy - harmony

  - Settled quickly - were skilled craftsmen which many needed

  - Some worked with English people - teaching new techniques (eg Flemish brick makers)

  - Weavers skilled and well received - lots of profit

  - Merchants given royal protection - paid lower taxes and customs tariffs

  - HIII sent letters to important banking families in Lombardy promising royal protection
• Low Countries/ Lombardy - conflict

  - Craft guilds believed migrants were taking their jobs & selling goods at a lower price - hostility

  - 1381 - during peasants revolt 150 weavers/ merchants murdered

  - People suspicious of of foreigners - worried could be dangerous

  - 1492 - English attacked the Steelyard - burnt buildings and destroyed goods - where Hanseatic league (German merchants were based)
• Viking impact


  - Spoke old Norse - modern English contains many Norse words and grammatical/ word structures similar

  - 'Things' can be argued to be foundation for trials/ democracy - punishments discussed and laws decided by voting

  - Vikings divided area of Danelaw in 3 - gradually changed to North, East, West Riding - administrative areas until 1974

  - Women had equal rights - could own and inherit land, speak at 'Things
• Norman impact


  - William took over chancery and appointed N. chancellors

  - William used Domesday book to help improve Edwards taxation system which he kept

  - William appointed N. sheriffs to pre-existing shires - land owners made decisions in all shire courts - soon would all be Norman

  - Castles, Cathedrals, Monasteries, Abbeys, Churches all built

  - North - villages been destroyed and nothing grew in burnt fields

  - William rep,aced all but 1 of 16 Saxon Bishops with Normans - hierarchy constructed (Archbishop at top)

  - By 1200 - all brick churches stone

  - Old French came together with pre existing language - Norman first names more common (eg Richard, Robert)

  - Forest laws protected W's hunting - severe poaching punishments

  - Mundrum - law enforced fine any hundred fined for murder where suspect not caught
• Jewish Impact


  - Monarch's borrowed their money - did not have to raise taxes/demand money from barons

  - Jews heavily taxed with punishments for not paying - some loans never repaid

  - Lent money to locals for businesses

  - Lent money to merchants for trade overseas, and some became merchants - created wealth

  - Lent money to Cistercian monks - built fountains abbey

  - Colleges built with the money (eg Merton College)

  - students pawned books to J.Pawn brokers to cover expenses

  - worked as tutors fro students studying Hebrew text

  - Ruthlessly expelled - 1290
• Low Countries/ Lombardy Impact

  - Helped transformed economy from primary to secondary

  (Primary - based on raw materials)

  (Secondary - changes raw materials to manufactured goods)

  - Crown grew richer from taxes on imports/ exports of goods

  - England became a key European trading centre (clothe)

  - Lombardy banker's financial skills - began to turn London into an international financial market
• Case study - York - Why?

  - Largest town in Britain - only mint in Northern English

  - Extremely wealthy - captured York 866

  - Roads/rivers made it easy to travel fast

  - Important trading city

  - Lots of rich, fertile soil for farming because of rivers
• Case study - York - Migrants


  - 10,000-15,000 Vikings migrated 866-950

  - Many cultures - Vikings mixed with migrants and merchants from Germany, modern day Holland, Ireland and Scotland

  - Built small homes and workshops, thatch and whittle, later timber
• Case study - York - Trade


  - Street names show variety of trade

  - Skilled craftwork - helped increase English trade paper across the world

  - Began to use coins with king's name

  - Was a rich trading point - traders travelled as far as Caspian Sea, traded for imports of wines, silks, oils/perfume etc

  - Had excellent road connections to rest of E.

  -Timber, wool, iron ore, food etc brought to cities on roads
• Case study - York - Church


  - Important land owner in York, but financially poor - lost land to the Vikings

  - Active in settlement, many Vs converted to Christianity

  - Archbishops involved in negations with other kingdoms, may even have helped choose Viking Kings

  - Most coins after 900 had Chr. symbols, however pagan symbols were shown and Latin spelling errors
• Case Study - York - End of Viking/ Dane control

  - 927 - Athelstan conquered large parts of York and A.Saxons ruled until 939 - no sign of changes

  - 939 - Athelstan's death - Northumbrian's wanted a 'Northern leader' - agreement to set border between Land owned by Vs and A.Saxons

  - Wars continued for next 15 years - last of V York driven out by A.Saxons - however still had Danish influence
• 1500-1700 - Changes in gov


  - Parliament had more power

  - Charles I executed in 1649 - O.Cromwell ruled republic England for 11 years

  - 1660 - Charles II invited by gov to rule - limited power

  
  

  - Religion changes with gov, migrants allowed/ not depending on religion and gov.