MYANMAR-Dynamic Development

• Myanmar Coca Cola: Allows people to move away from what sector


  Moves people from agricultural sector to manufacturing work, more stable income
• Myanmar Coca Cola: Child care facilities


  Being installed at the bottom of the bottling plant, helps women to get into work
• Myanmar Coca Cola: Vehicular training

  Offers 1000s of hours
• Myanmar Coca Cola: How do they improve health and safety standards

  Using safety heros
• Myanmar Coca Cola: How many people do they employ


  1393
• Myanmar Coca Cola: Wages

  Pays lower wages since there is a high demand for the job
• Myanmar Coca Cola: Danger of dependance

  Myanmar could become dependant on Coca Cola, causing large issues if they leave the country
• Myanmar Coca Cola: Shareholders

  Many of profits are returned to shareholders rather than to Myanmar (leakages)
• Myanmar Coca Cola: Highly paid positions

  Highly paid positions are taken up by foreign people rather than local employees
• Myanmar Coca Cola: Globalisation

  Globalisation is viewed as a threat to the Myanmar's local culture
• Swan-Yi Pact 2012

  -3 yearprogramme- empowers25,000women tofinancial literacy + entrepreneurship + business management- helps start businesses + teaches how to save money- plan to help 24,500 women by 2015
• Development

  The level of economic growth and the process of change taking place, including socially e.g quality of life
• AC (Advanced Country )

  a country (well developed) with high income, diversified economic structured and growing sectors e.g. the UK
• EDC (Emerging, developing country)

  don't have all characteristics to be advanced but are not eligible for the Poverty reduction and Growth Trust e.g South Africa
• LIDC (Low income developing country)


  Low income countries eligible for the for the Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust from IMF
• Global Distribution of ACs, EDCs, LIDCs

  - ACs - tend to be in N hemisphere w milder climate many in Europe - an anomaly Australia

  
  

  - EDCs - tend to be in S hemisphere in S America and Asia e.g Peru

  
  

  - LIDCs - in S hemisphere, near/on the equator with harsher climates,

  tend to be landlocked with now direct access to Water

  E.g in Central Africa e.g DR Congo, Central African Republic
• Physical factors affecting development

  - Poor climate

  - Few natural resources

  - Lots of natural hazards

  - have to spend to revuild

  - could lead to poor farmlands

  - Landlocked??
• Human factors affecting development

  - conflict

  - debt

  - politics

  - healthcare & disease

  - trade

  - education

  - aid

  - tourism
• Development indicators

  factors used to compare the development of one region against another

  Separated into 3 categories:

  - social

  - economical

  - political
• Factors stopping LIDCs/EDCs breaking out of poverty

  -Debt(money spend paying off instead of invested in developing e.g healthcare etc)-Trade(Nat resources - prices at volatile - unstable economy)-Politics(conflict - money wasted on it )
• Measures of development

  - used to compare development of diff countries .

  Main ones

  - GDP/(per capita)

  - GNI/(per capita)

  - HDI

  - literacy rate

  - life expectancy etc.

  
• Exports

  - 49% natural resources

  - 36% petroleum gas
• Politics (2021)

  - military coup ceased power - feb

  - new parliament sworn - marked end of military rule

  - Party leader Aung San Suu Kyi detained (house arrest) and deposed

  - 2020 elections annulled and new election called

  - state of Emergency declared for 1 year - later extended to 2.5

  - start of of the 2021 Myanmar protest + civil resistance efforts
• Rohingya


  Muslims in Myanmar- brutal massacres of Muslims-70,000fled to Bangladesh- UN reports many cases of murder, rape etc of Rohingya children- Kept inRakhine State- Rohingya’s not invited to Union Day - annual festival for cultures- Aung San Suurefusesto speak out + answer any questions - Gov DO NOT CARE
• Rakhine state: Muslim ghetto

  - armed Guards surrounding-4000Muslims live there- can’t leave else they get beaten/attacked
• Physical factors affectingdevelopment:Myanmar

  - small farm size- avg farm size of2.7ha (UK is 50ha)- so most people are subsistence farmers- Malaria spread through insects-10th largest producersofnatural gas-49%is covered intropical rainforest-90% of worlds rubiesextracted from MyanmarRESOURCE CURSE
• Human factors affecting development: Myanmar


  - poor international relations - denied entry to commonwealth - 1948- no democracy - new one party Gov (BSPP) Burma socialist programme party -1962-88- Trade benefits suspended by US (bc of human rights abuses) so can’t make money -1989- Corruption: military juncta holds elections, NLD win but then imprison leaders (Aung San Suu) continue leading as SLDRC - no democracy + human rights - 1990- REFUSED international aid afterCyclone Nargis(2nd worst OAT) - can’t develop -2008-EU sanctions- banning imports and suspending aid, placing embargo on arms - 2011-Human rights commissionestablished -New labour laws~>minimum wage of $2.80 a day- 2021 - all media gov controlled
• Cyclone Nargis, 2008 Myanmar/Burma

  2008(2nd worst OAT)138,000 deadand$10 billion damage- military REFUSED international aid - can’t development
• Myanmar: life expectancy

  66 years
• Myanmar: Literacy rates

  89%
• Development Timeline

  • 1948 - denied entry to commonwealth after declaring independence• 1962-88- new one party Gov (BSPP) Burma socialist programme party - democracy?•1989- US suspends trade benefits to Myanmar due to human rights abuses - not lifted till 2016• 1990 - military juncta holds elections, NLD win but juncta don’t accept imprison leaders (Aung San Suu) continue leading as SLDRC - no democracy + human rights, + corruption•2008-Cyclone Nargis(2nd worst OAT)138,000 deadand$10 billion damage- military REFUSED international aid - can’t development•2011-EU sanctions- banning imports and suspending aid, placing embargo on arms• 2012 -Human rights commission established-New labour laws~>minimum wage of $2.80 a day• 2021 - all media gov controlled
• Millennia development goals

  - started in 2000

  - aim: prevents unnecessary deaths from childbirth, curable disease and human needs

  - deadline 2015

  - decided by UN
• Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger


  Aim: cut undernourishment in 1/2

  Undernourishment - 49%→15%
• Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education


  Primary completion rates 75%→85% [2000→2015]
• Rostow model

  1. traditional society

  2. preconditions for takeoff

  3. takeoff

  4. drive to maturity

  5. age of mass consumption
• Rostow Model Stage 1: Traditional Society


  - primary sector on top → Agriculture

  - subsistence farming for survival

  - NO trade

  E.g Ethiopia
• Rostow Model Stage 2: Preconditions for takeoff:

  - Primary → agriculture still dominates- start commercial farming → slight surplus produce → Trade → profit- ↑ infrastructure(e.g roads) → easier trade- Secondary industry↑ e.g manufacturing- TNCs start to invest → Globalisation perhaps

  E.g *Myanmar*
• Rostow model stage 3: Takeoff

  - Secondary industry dominates econ - INDUSTRIALISATION so ↑ machinery- TNCs dominate econ → wealth↑, exploration↑, environmental damage↑International investment →Multiplier effect- URBANISATION: from primary → secondary

  E.g Thailand
• Rostow model stage 4: Drive to maturity


  - becomes self sufficient - econ diversifies

  - Gov investment → rapid URBANISATION → congestion, depopulation of rural areas

  - ↑ Tertiary as Education ↑
• Rostow model stage 5: High mass consumption

  - Tertiary sector dominates econ

  - Secondary manufacturing moves to smaller factories → less environmental strain

  - ↑wealth → ↑consumption

  Focusing on high value goods: cars, electronics, designer clothes, leisure activities