Psychology

• What are the two approaches to offender profiling mentioned?

  Top-down and bottom-up approaches
• What does the top-down approach in offender profiling include?

  Organised and disorganised types of offender
• What is a key aspect of the bottom-up approach in offender profiling?

  Investigative psychology and geographical profiling
• What historical approach is mentioned in biological explanations of offending behaviour?

  Atavistic form
• What does Eysenck’s theory of the criminal personality focus on?

  Personality traits determined by nervous systems
• What are the aims of custodial sentencing?

  To punish, deter, rehabilitate, and protect
• What are the types of offenders in the top-down approach?

  • Organised offenders
  • Disorganised offenders
• What are the key components of the bottom-up approach?

  • Investigative psychology
  • Geographical profiling
• Why is the top-down approach considered simplistic?

  It has only two categories for offenders
• What issue arises from the sample used in the top-down approach evaluation?

  The sample of 36 killers is too small
• What did Canter et al. (2004) find regarding disorganised offenders?

  No evidence for the existence of disorganised type
• What does interpersonal coherence refer to in investigative psychology?

  Offender's behavior at the crime scene
• What does the significance of time and place indicate in offender profiling?

  Where the offender may be living
• What does geographical profiling help reveal?

  An offender's operational base
• What is the Circle Theory proposed by Canter and Larkin (1993)?

  Offenders operate within a limited spatial mindset
• What are the two models of offender behavior in Circle Theory?

  The Marauder and the Commuter
• What is a limitation of the bottom-up approach regarding location?

  It may overlook psychological characteristics
• How does the bottom-up approach differ from the top-down approach?

  Bottom-up can be used for various crimes
• What did Lundrigan and Canter (2001) find in their study?

  Spatial consistency in serial killers' behavior
• What percentage of police forces found profiler advice useful according to Copson (1995)?


  83%
• What did Lombroso suggest about criminals?

  They are genetic throwbacks to primitive sub-species
• What percentage of crimes did Lombroso attribute to atavistic form?

  40%
• What specific physical characteristics did Lombroso identify in criminals?

  Narrow brow, strong jaw, facial asymmetry
• What criticism is associated with Lombroso's atavistic form theory?

  It is considered scientifically racist
• What did Mednick (1984) find regarding adoptees and criminal convictions?

  Higher conviction rates with criminal parents
• What did Tiihonen et al. (2014) study reveal about violent crime?

  Two gene abnormalities linked to violence
• What is the role of the prefrontal cortex in criminal behavior?

  Regulates emotional behavior
• What did Keysers (2011) find about empathy in criminals?

  Empathy activates only when prompted
• What does the diathesis-stress model suggest about criminality?

  Both genetic and environmental factors are important
• What is Eysenck's view on personality traits?

  Determined by the nervous system
• What traits characterize a criminal personality according to Eysenck?

  High extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism
• What did Farrington et al. (1982) find regarding Eysenck's theory?

  Criminals scored high on psychoticism only
• What is a limitation of Eysenck's theory regarding personality types?

  It is too simplistic for complex behavior
• What cultural bias did Bartol & Holanchock (1979) find in Eysenck's theory?

  Lower extraversion scores in Hispanic offenders
• What did Gibbs (1979) propose regarding moral reasoning?

  Two levels: mature and immature reasoning
• How are cognitive distortions used in therapy for offenders?

  To change distorted views and acknowledge crimes
• What did Langdon et al. (2010) suggest about intelligence and criminality?

  Intelligence may better predict criminality
• What did Sutherland (1924) propose about learning criminal behavior?

  Learned through interactions with others
• What are the two parts of Sutherland's differential association theory?

  Learned attitudes and learning criminal acts
• What is a limitation of differential association theory?

  It does not account for individual differences