Cells

• why do cells divide

  reproduction, growth, repair
• how does a cell divide

  asexual reproduction

  sexual reproduction
• what is diffusion

  the movement of chemicals moving from an area of higher concentration to lower
• what is osmosis

  movement of water molecules from higher concentration to lower
• cytoplasm

  contains substances for storage

  changes from jelly like to liquid to allow movement
• cell membrane

  support the cell

  allow certain substances to enter
• nucleus

  contains dna

  genetic info stored in chromosomes
• mitochondria

  makes engery available to the cell

  store energy in the form of glucose
• ribosomes

  make proteins
• golgi body

  package protiens

  secrete mucous
• vacuole

  contains substances

  removes unwanted waste from cell

  maintains internal fluid pressure
• cell wall

  made out of cellulose

  provides support for the cell
• chloroplasts

  gives plants the green colour

  absorbs light energy
• lysomes

  suicide sacks
• centrioles

  release spindle fibers during mitosis
• what two cell bodies arent in animal cells

  cell wall and chloroplast
• interphase


  cell spends most of its life

  more organelles have been produced

  DNA replicated in nucleus
• prophase

  dna turns into chromosomes

  each chromosome has a pair of sister chromatids attached with a centromere

  nuclear membrane starts to disappear
• metaphase

  spindle fibers are released from centrioles

  spindle fibers attach to the centromeres and line them in the middle
• anaphase

  sister chromatids are pulled apart

  move to the poles of the cell

  chromatids are now called chromosomes
• telophase

  chromosomes reach opposite sides of the cell and lengthen

  nuclear membrane starts to form at each end
• cytokinesis

  cytoplasm divides

  cell is pinched off
• what is cancer

  when cells divide out of control

  caused by a change or mutation in the dna
• benign tumor

  not cancerous and wont spread
• malignant tumor

  cancerous and will spread

  prevent the body cells from doing their job
• cancer screening examples

  cheacking breasts for breast cancer

  pep tests - women

  psa blood tests - men
• cancer symptoms

  swelling/discomfort

  weight-loss

  pain around body
• what do x-rays use

  radiation to view internal anatomy

  mammogram is used for breast cancer
• what do CT-scans do

  takes multiple x-rays from different angles
• what are ultrasounds

  uses high frequency sound waves to create a digital image

  used to view soft tissues
• what are MRI

  uses radio waves and magnets to create images that are more detailed then CT-scans
• what are endoscopes

  a fiber cable with a camera that gets inserted into the body
• surgery

  physical removal of the cancer tissue

  tumor needs to be well defined
• chemotherapy

  uses drugs to treat cancer

  slows down or stops cell division by killing them
• radiation

  beams of radiation directed to the tumor to damage the dna of the cancer cells
• biphotonics

  rays of light to detect cancer

  more accurate than radiation
• immunotherapy

  stimulates the immune system to fight cancer cells
• what is metastasis

  when a malignment cancer cell spreads across the body and forms a second tumor
• what are specialized cells

  cells that have physical and chemical differences that allow them to preform one job very well
• what is cellular differentiation

  when a zygote divides and forms a embryo and the cells start to show differences