BOT107 2ND EXAM

• Kingdom FUNGI (True Fungi)

  • Phylum : Chytridiomycota
  • Phylum : Zygomycota
  • Phylum : Ascomycota
  • Phylum : Basidiomycota
• The True Fungi


  • Heterotrophs - obtain food from organic matter (Living or Non-living); cannot make its own food; devoid chlorophyll
  • Nutrition is by absorption
  • Non-motile spores (few Chytridiomycetes have motile reproductive cells)
  • Reproduce by spores (sexual/asexual)
  • Glycogen - primary stored carbohydrate
  • Usually filamentous and multicellular (Hyphae/ Mycelia made up of chitin)
• Germination of a spore to form mycelium

  1. Spore

  2. Hypha

  3. Mycelium
• Phylum : CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA


  • Contains a single class - Chytridiomycete
  • About 150 genera; 1000 species
  • The only member of Kingdom Fungi that form MOTILE CELLS (Zoospores or Gametes)
  • Thallus (Hypha) is coenocytic; either globose or ovoid, elongated hypha or well developed mycelium
  • Zygote formed is converted into: resting spores or resting sporangium
• Important Plant Pathogenic Chytrids

  • Olpidium brassicae - root disease of crucifers (Vector of Lettuce Big Vein Virus)
  • Synchytium endobioticum - black wart of potato
  • Synchytium psophocarpi - orange galls of calamismis (winged bean)
  • Physoderma maydis - brown spot of cord
• Phylum : ZYGOMYCOTA


  • Produce non-motile asexual spores in sporangia
  • Sexual spore is ZYGOSPORE formed inside a zygosporangium after union of two ISOGAMETANGIA
• Zygospore


  Sexual spore formed inside a zygosporangium after union of two isogametangia
• Sporangia and Sporangiospores


  • Sporangiospores of Rhizopus stolonifer
  • Cunninghamelia sp.
  • Rhizopus sp.
  • Syncephalastrum sp.
• Zygomycetes


  • Produce well-developed aseptate mycelium
  • Cell wall has chitin and glucan
  • Habitat - terrestrial saprobic, human pathogens, weakly plant pathogenic, ecto-endo mycorrhizal
• Orders under Zygomycota


  • Mucorales
  • Glomales
• Mucorales


  • Rhizopus
  • Mucor
  • Choanephora
• Glomales


  • Glomus
  • Gigaspora
• Jackfruit rot caused by

  • Rhizopus
• Phylum : ASCOMYCOTA


  • Sac fungus - sexual spores (Ascospores) formed within a sac known as ascus
  • Teleomorph - sexual or perfect stage of ascomycetes
  • Anamorph - Asexual or conidial or imperfect stage
  • During growing season, plant pathogens exist as mycelia/conidia
  • Perfect stage occurs only at the end of growing season
  • Ascospores generally act as primary inoculum
  • Sexual reproduction through an ascogonium (female) fertilized by antheridium or spermatium (male), a minute male sex spore
• Different Kinds of Asci

  • Operculate
  • Inoperculate unitunicate
  • Inoperculate bitunicate
• Ascospores


  Sexual spores formed within asci
• Ascocarps


  • Naked
  • Cleistothecium
  • Perithecium
  • Apothecium
• Classes based on ascocarp


  • Archiascomycete - asci from binucleate cells, asci naked
  • Saccharomycetes - yeasts, asci naked, no ascocarp, mostly unicellular, reproduce by budding
• Order : Taphrinales


  • Naked asci
• Class : Archiascomycete


  • Peach leaf curl - Taphrina deformans
• Filamentous Ascomycetes


  • Order : Erysiphales - powdery mildew
  • Class : Pyrenomycetes - ascomycetes with perithecia
  • Class : Loculoascomycetes - with ascostromata
  • Class : Discomycetes - with apothecia
  • Class : Deuteromycetes - imperfect or asexual fungi
• Bakanae or Crazy Disease of Rice

  • Gibberella fujikoroi - Teleomorph
  • Fusarium moniliforme - Anamorph
• Glomerella cingulate = Colletotrichum gloeosporioides


  • Acervulus
  • Conidiophores with conidia
  • Conidia
  • Perithecium with asci and ascospores
  • Asci with ascospores
  • Ascospores
• Diseases caused by Ascomycota

  • Papaya anthracnose
  • Yam anthracnose
  • Banana anthracnose
  • Mango anthracnose
  • Black sigatoka - Mycosphaerella fijiensis = Cercospora musae
  • Corn leaf blight - Anamorph : Bipolaris maydis, Teleomorph : Cochliobolus heterostrophus
• Deuteromycetes or Imperfect Fungi

  • Asexual or conidial forms of most of the Phylum Ascomycota and rarely Phylum Basidiomycota
  • Sexual reproduction and sexual structures are lacking or unknown
• Types of Deuteromycetes


  • Hyphomycetes - no fruiting structures
  • Coelomycetes
  • Mycelia sterilia
• Diseases caused by Hyphomycetes

  • Aspergillus Ear rot of corn
  • Alternaria leaf spot
  • Orange rot - Penicillium digitatum
  • Gray mold of strawberry - Botrytis cinerea
  • Leaf blight of soybean - Cercospora kikuchii
  • Banana wilt - Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense
  • Brown Spot of Rice - Anamorph : Bipolaris maydis, Teleomorph : Helminthosporium oryzae
  • Rice Blast - Anamorph: Pyricularia grisea, Teleomorph: Magnaporthe grisea
• Coelomycetes


  • Pycnidia forming - Diplodia, Phomopsis, Phyllosticta, Septoria
  • Acervuli forming - Gloeosporium, Colletotrichum, Sphaceloma
• Diseases caused by Coelomycetes

  • Ear and stalk rot of corn - Anamorph : Diplodia macrospora, Teleomorph : Stenocarpella macrospora
  • Anthracnose
• Mycelia sterilia


  Sterile fungi; no asexual nor sexual spores produced; Sclerotial bodies produced
• Rice Sheath Blight


  • Anamorph : Rhizoctonia solaris, Teleomorph : Thanatephorus cucumeris
• Phylum : BASIDIOMYCOTA


  • Club and mushroom fungi
  • Sexual spores are BASIDIOSPORES produced externally on a club-like, one or four celled spore producing structure called BASIDIUM
  • Most are fleshy (Mushrooms)
  • Include rusts and smuts
• Orders under Phylum Basidiomycota


  • Uredinales - Rusts
  • Ustilaginales - Smuts
  • Exobasidiales - lacks basidiocarp
  • Agaricales - Mushrooms
  • Aphyllophorales - Polypores
• The rusts - Uredinales


  • Attacks mostly leaves and stems; some form swellings and even galls
  • About 140-150 genera; 5000 species
• Rust Diseases


  • Peanut Rust - Puccinia arachidis
  • Sorghum Rust - Puccinia purpurea
• Forma speciales


  Rust fungi that attack only certain crop genera, or varieties
• Forma speciales


  • Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici = wheat
  • Puccinia graminis f.sp. bordei = barley
• Pathogenic (physiologic race)


  Rust fungi that attack some varieties of a crop species