Immunology

• What is more specific the innate our adaptive immune system ?

  Adaptive is more specific than innate
• What are four characteristics of innate immunity ?

  It is non specific , first line of defence and it has no memory of pathogens and its typically found in all tissue types especially at barrier sites
• What are barrier sites ?

  Parts of the body most exposed to pathogens e.g skin , nasal cavity and respiratory system also the gut
• What are 4 characteristics of the adaptive immune response compare to innate ?

  Adaptive is specific unlike innate which is non specific , adaptive has memory of previous pathogens where innate does not , adaptive is found at lymphoid organs where white blood cells are these are heavily involved in adaptive where innate is found at barrier sites , adaptive unlike innate takes around 5-10 days to kick in
• What are the cells found in the innate immune response ?

  They are white blood cells : phagocytes and macrophages are in innate immune response.Neutrophils are phagocytes where they digest and destroy bacteria where as macrophages either wandering or fixed are monocytes which can do what phagocytes do but they have the ability to become Antigen presenting cells
• Four main types of white blood cells ?

  Neurtophils , leukocytes , monocytes , basophils
• In innate immune system where are neutrophils and monocytes located ?

  They are found circulating the blood , remember these are types of white blood cells , monocytes can become macrophages and neutrophils pahagocytes .
• Where are dendritic cells and macrophages found ?

  in tissues
• True or false monocytes can become both dentrictic cells or macrophages ifs they enter tissues from the blood ?


  True
• what are the two components of the adaptive immune system ?

  Humoural and cell mediated
• What cells are in the humour adaptive immune response and where are they matured ?

  Naive B cells which mature in the bone marrow
• what cells are in cell mediated immune response ?and what are the two types ?

  T cells matured in the thymus : helper (CD4 ) and killer (CD8)
• Where are the two places adaptive immune cells found ?

  B and T cells circulate through the blood and secondary lymph organs ,and memory T cells circulate through blood and tissue
• What are 2 examples of secondary lymph organs ?

  Spleen and lymph nodes
• what stem cells are leukocytes (white blood cells ) derived from ?

  Hematopoetic
• What type of T cells attach to MHC 1 complex and is it a short or long chain ?

  Its a killer T cell which bonds to MHC 1 complex and it can recognise short peptide chains
• What type of T cells attach to MHC 2 and is it short or long ?

  Helper T cells , long
• Draw a diagram showing both Helper and Killer T cells in response to bacteria
• What happens to T and B cells after an immune response?

  They undergo apoptosis to maintain homeostasis and only some remain memory cells this is quicker for immune response if reinfected by the same pathogen previously fought off
• What is the first level of defence and name 4 examples of how it can protect against pathogens ?

  Anatomical / physical barriers e.g the skin which can be dry , high salt and secrete defensive proteins that can break down pathogens. Respiratory tract which has epithelium which has ciliated specialisation and mucous present which can trap pathogens similarly the GI tract which mucous and peristalsis to remove pathogens e.g to the stomach which contains acid to neutralise and kill bacteria.
• whats the second level of defence ? is there two types ?

  Innate immune response , so there is immediate and induced
• what percentage of pathogens do innate immunity fight off ?

  95 %
• what type of immune response is mast cells and how do they help get other cells into the tissue ?

  Mast cells make the blood vessels sticky and leaky allowing neutrophils and monocytes to exit blood and into the tissue to engluf the pathogens - this would be an example of phagocytosis
• what is the first cell in the adaptive immune response ?

  This is the dendritic cell which has certain receptors for T and B cells
• How does the immune system get to everywhere in the body what system helps this ?

  The blood stream capillaries are leaky which they give nutrients and other materials to the cells beneath , 20 litres is lost with only 17 litres being returned to the blood the other 3 litres are took up by the lymphatic system.This lymph is carried by lymphatic vessels and to lymph nodes which contain white blood vessels incase of any foreign bacteria present
• where do all immune cells develop ? hint : 1st lymphoid organs

  They develop in bone marrow (B cells) or the thymus (T cells ) Its the bone marrow where all cells develop only
• What are the secondary lymphoid organs ? where lymphocytes are found

  spleen and the lymph nodes
• what type of stem cell gives rise to all immune cells and where is it found ?

  Haemopioetic stem cells which are found in the bone marrow
• Draw a diagram and explain how the immune cells are formed from stem cells in bone marrow ?

  The bone marrow stem cell can either follow two paths lymphoid precursor or the myeloid precursor.If it follows the lymphoid stage it can develop into T cells (killer or helper) however these will be related into the blood stream until they reach the thymus for specilisation. The b cells can become plasma cells which can become antibodies. The myeloid pathway with either become granulocytes (neutrophils basophils) or monocytes (dentrictic or macrophages )
• Do mast cells have granules ?

  Yes mast cells have granules , which are full of potent substances which will be released when they are singled
• What are the 4 main proteins found in mast cell granules ?

  Happy cats cling lovingly : Histamine , chemokine , cytokines , leukotriene B4(LTB4)
• What role does histamine and LB4 have on blood vessels ?

  Mast cells live near blood vessels they make them leaky and sticky through the release of histamine which dilated blood vessels causing swelling. The stickiness slows the neutrophils down allowing them to enter the tissue and site of injury
• Give four characteristics of neutrophils ?

  Short lived, they are both phagocytes and granulocytes , they have a segmented nucleus and they can only kill one bacteria through phagocytosis.
• Give 3 main roles of macrophages compared to neutrophils ?

  They are able to phagocytose hundreds of bacteria at a time , they are long lived and phagosomes merge with lysosomes to digest foreign material.
• Draw a table comparing macrophages and neutrophils
• Give examples of unusual bacterium features ?

  different cell wall components , the flagella , different nucleus
• Give 3 examples of Pamps ?

  Viruses , protozoa bacteria
• What receptor binds to pamps ?

  Pattern recognition receptors