18th and 19th century

• how did people benefit from smuggling?

  -they got goods at a cheap price

  -some were paid to help unload
• what made poaching a capital crime?

  1723 Black Act
• when was the Black Act?

  1723
• was poaching still a social crime?

  yes
• why did highway robbery increase?

  • improvement of roads
  • increased trading between towns
  • ineffective banking
  • availability of horses
  • cheap guns
• who was Dick Turpin?

  A highway robber who was depicted as a hero despite committing violent crimes
• why did highway robbery fall in the 19th century?

  -stagecoaches often had armed guards

  -effective banking
• why was it hard for the government to stop smuggling?

  Hard to stop due to ineffective customs force, long coast line and people benefitted from it
• why did smuggling decrease?

  Import tax decreased in the 1840s
• was vagabondage still a crime?

  Yes
• how was vagabondage punished?

  house of corrections then workhouses under the poor law
• was witchcraft still a crime?

  no
• why wasnt witchcraft a crime anymore?

  Growth of influence of science explanted things witches had previously been accused of
• when was the last witch execution?

  1716
• when did parliament get more power?

  after the 1688 Glorious Revolution
• why did Treason widen?

  under the 1688 Glorious revolution parliament get more power so treason widened to acts of rebellion against the state
• when did the Tolpuddle Martyrs form a friendly society?

  1834
• what were the Toldpuddle Martyrs protesting?

  About their low wages compared to other workers wages
• what did the Tolpuddle martyrs swear?

  An oath of secrecy
• why were the government and farm owners scared of the Tolpuddle Martyrs?

  They feared they were loosing control of workers
• How were the Toldpuddle Martyrs convicted?

  By an old law intended to stop naval mutinies
• how were the Toldpuddle Martyrs punished?

  Recieved 7 years of transportation to Australia
• what did the public do in response to the Toldpuddle Martyrs punishment?

  Mass protests and a petition of 20,000 signatures to oppose the punishment
• Who still sent the Tolpuddle Martyrs to Australia?

  The Home Secretary
• When did the Tolpuddle Martyr return home?

  1839
• How long did the Tolpuddle Martyr protests continue for?

  till 1836
• what was the significance of the Tolpuddle Martyrs?

  -shows the impact of public opinion

  -inspired some workers to fight for workers rights

  -shows how the government would protect the interests of their employers

  -shows how the authorities used laws to criminalise people they saw as a threat
• when were the Bow street runners set up?

  1748
• Who established the Bow Street Runners?

  Henry Fielding
• when were the Bow Street runners paid by the government?

  1785
• what did the Bow Street Runners introduce?

  new methods of finding evidence
• How did the Bow Street runners patrol?

  On foot and horses
• What was more successful for the runners, patrols or detective work?

  detective work as there were not enough of them to deal with the increasing crime rate
• How did the detective side of the Bow Street runners operate?

  collected rewards and collected and shared evidence
• what did the Bow Street Runners first do?

  charged fees
• when was the Metropolitan police Act?

  1829
• who convinced parliament a police force was necessary?

  Robert peel
• What was the publics initial reaction to the police officers?

  they feared they were being controlled
• What were the police officers dressed like?

  they wore non-military blue uniforms and had limited equipments such as a whistle and truncheon
• how was the police force organised?

  decentralised (each town had own police force)