kinetic theory

• state attributes of solid particles

  closely packed together, arranged neatly, at bottom of box when displayed in box, vibrate in place, cannot be mixed.
• state attributes of liquid particles

  closely packed, random, at bottom of box, some freedom, can mix.
• state attributes of gas particles


  no contact, random, fill the space, free to move, can mix.
• when heating a solid, what starts to happen in terms of particles and energy.

  the particles start to vibrate more, in liquids and gases,the particles move faster - the particles have gained kinetic energy.
• during cooling, what happens in terms of particles and energy.

  During cooling, the particles of a liquid/gas move slower; in solids, the vibrations become less vigorous during cooling - the particles have lost kinetic energy.
• what do we call when particles individually gain kinetic energy on a microscopic scale.

  total kinetic energy of all particles
• what do we call when particles individually gain kinetic energy on a macroscopic scale.

  total internal energy of the system
• what happens during heating and cooling in terms of internal energy.

  Heating increases the internal energy stored in the system; cooling reduces the internal energy.
• heat is a type of...

  energy
• what is joules measured for

  heat, internal energy and kinetic energy.
• what is temp and what is it measured in

  Temperature is a measure of how intense the heat is, and is measured in degrees Celsius (°C) or kelvins (K).
• thermal energy will flow where to achieve what?

  from where there is more to where there is less to achieve thermal equilibrium- the object reaches the same temperature as its surrounding.
• solid to liquid is...

  melting
• liquid to gas is...

  boiling
• gas to liquid


  condensing
• liquid to solid


  freezing
• when heat is being added...

  theres increasing enegy
• when heat is being deducted...

  theres decreasing energy
• in this energy all mass in conserved, what does this mean...

  no particles are created of destroyed.
• how we can represent this in an experiment

  take a boiling tube of molten stearic acid from a water bath, record its intial temperature and record the temperature for 20 minutes with 1 minute intervals.
• in the cooling curve graph, explain zone a

  energy released as gas cools
• in the cooling curve graph, explain zone b

  energy released as gas condenses
• in the cooling curve graph, explain zone c

  energy released as liquid cools
• in the cooling curve graph, explain zone d

  energy released as liquid freezes
• in the cooling curve graph, explain zone e

  energy released as solid cools
• How do diagrams show that solids

  and liquids are incompressible?

  they don't have space between the particles therefore cannot be packed together further
• How do the forces between the particles

  in solids, liquids and gases compare in

  strength?

  intermolecular forces between solids are strong (maximum), less in liquids and least in gases.