Organic Chemistry

• Organic Molecules


  
  

  Molecules containing carbon atoms.
• Molecular Formula 


  A chemical formula that indicates the element and the number of each atom bonded to it.

  • E.g C4H8O
• Structural formula 


  Formula of a compound that shows which atoms are attached to which within the molecule. Atoms are represented by their chemical symbol, and lines are used to represent ALL the bonds that hold the atoms together.
• Condensed structural formula 


  This notation shows the way in which atoms are bonded together in the molecule, but DOES NOT SHOW ALL THE BOND LINES.
• Hydrocarbon 


  Organic compounds that consist of hydrogen and carbon atoms only.
• Homologous series 


  A series of organic compounds that can be described by the same general formula.
• Saturated Compounds 


  Compounds in which there are no multiple bonds between C atoms in their hydrocarbon chains.
• Unsaturated Compounds 


  Compounds with one or more multiple bonds between C atoms in their hydrocarbon chains.
• Functional Group 


  A group of atoms that determine the physical and chemical properties of a group of organic compounds.
• Structural Isomers 


  Organic molecules with the same molecular formula, but different structural formulae.
• Positional Isomers 


  Same molecular formula but different positions of the functional group on the parent chain.
• Functional Isomers 


  Same molecular formula, but different functional groups.
• Chlor Alkai Industry is a process that produces what compounds?

  Cl2 (chlorine)

  Uses:

  • Used to purify water (kills bacteria)
  • PVC piping

  
  

  H2 (Hydrogen)

  Uses:

  • Rocket fuel
  • HCL (Hydrochloric acid)

  
  

  NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide)

  Uses:

  • Soap
  • Paper
• Chlor Alkai Industry uses what solution?

  Brine: Concentrated Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
• The Membrane Cell wall in the Chlor Alkali Industry only allows what to go through it?

  Cat ions = Positive charged ions E.g. Na+
• Which organic compounds have hydrogen bonding? 


  Alcohol and Carboxylic acid
• 2 pairs of Functional Isomers:

  •Aldehydes and Ketones

  •Carboxylic acids and Esters
• Halo Alkane naming Process always starts with?

  1st- halogens

  2nd- the branches(unless those two are not in alphabetical order)
• Halogens:


  • Florene - F
  • Chlorine - Cl
  • Bromine - Br
  • Iodine - I
  • Astatine - At