bio paper 1

• Eukaryotic cells


  Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes.
• prokaryotic cell


  cell lacking a nucleus and most other organelles
• Nucleus


  A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
• Cytoplasm


  A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
• cell membrane


  A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.
• Mitochondria


  An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.
• Ribosomes


  site of protein synthesis
• cell wall


  A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell. made of cellulose
• Vacuole


  Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
• Chloroplast


  An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs
• Plasmid DNA


  A ring of DNA capable of replicating itself. Found in bacteria commonly.
• Multicellular organisms


  Organisms composed of many cells (Ex. tissue, humans, etc.)
• sexual reproduction


  A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents
• egg cell


  female reproductive cell
• sperm cell


  male reproductive cell
• electron


  microscope that can magnify objects 100s of 1000s of times
• Magnification


  the ratio of an object's image size to its real size
• Enzymes


  Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things
• active site


  The part of an enzyme where the chemical reaction occurs.
• factors which affect the rate of reaction

  -temperature

  -pH

  -substrate concentration
• Denature


  A change in the shape of an enzyme that can be caused by changes in temperature or pH
• Pepsin


  Enzyme that breaks down proteins
• Amylase


  enzyme that breaks down starch
• lock and key


  The idea that enzymes are specifically shaped to fit only one type of substrate
• Carbohydrase


  enzyme that breaks down starches into sugars
• Protease


  enzymes that digests protein
• Lipase


  enzyme that breaks down fat
• Benedict's


  detects the presence of sugars.
• Starch test


  Iodine is used. If it's present, the sample goes from brown/orange to blue/black
• Lipids test


  Emulsion test. combine substance with ethanol and pour into water. if it's present they will show as milky
• Proteins test


  Biuret test. If present, the solution will turn purple
• Diffusion


  Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
• Osmosis


  the net movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water concentration.
• Partially permeable membrane


  a membrane that allows only certain substances to pass through
• active transport


  the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, requiring energy.
• Mitosis


  cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes

  
• Diploid


  2 sets of chromosomes
• Haploid


  having a single set of unpaired chromosomes
• cell differentiation


  the process by which a cell becomes specialised for a specific structure or function.
• Cancer


  disorder in which some of the body's cells lose the ability to control growth