a group of compounds that are fundamental to all life on earth.
what elements do carbohydrates primarily consist of?
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
what are carbohydrates crucial to?
to many natural products and to many structures and tissues of cells and organisms.
why is the carbon crucial in the carbohydrates?
the carbon possesses the unique quality to be able to readily form bonds with other atoms especially other carbon atoms allowing for long chains of carbon to be created so other carbons can branch and other atoms and groups of atoms can attach.
what are monosaccharides?
the simple sugars that form the monomer of large carbohydrate molecules.
what forms monosaccharides?
5 or 6 carbons.
what are monosaccharides with 5 carbons called and what are 2 examples of this?
penrose sugars eg: ribose and deoxyribose.
what are monosaccharides with 6 carbons called and 2 examples?
hexose sugars eg: glucose, fructose and galactose.
what is isomerism?
Different structural arrangements of the same molecular formula.
what 2 forms does glucose exist as?
alpha and beta isomers.
why is a condensation reaction?
A type of reaction that joins two molecules together with the formation of a chemical bond involving the elimination of a molecule of water.
what is a hydrolysis reaction?
breaking a chemical bond between 2 molecules involving the use of a water molecule.
what bond forms in a condensation reaction
a glycosidic bond.
what is a disaccharide a result of?
a condensation reaction joining 2 monosaccharides.
what dictates what disaccharide forms?
the combination of the monosaccharides that join together.
what monosaccharides join to form maltose?
2 glucose molecules.
what 2 monosaccharides join together to form sucrose?
glucose and fructose.
what 2 monosaccharides join together to form lactose?
glucose and galactose.
what enzyme breaks down maltose?
maltase.
what enzyme breaks down sucrose?
sucrase.
what enzyme breaks down lactose?
lactase.
how do we end up with polysaccharides?
when we have molecules more than 2 sugars.
what is an oligosaccharide?
contains 3 to 6 simple sugars.
what is a polysaccharide?
molecules or 7 or more subunits.
what is starch?
a polysaccharide comprised of alpha glucose that is very important in plants.
most carbohydrates are
polymers.
what are polymers?
Large, complex molecules composed of long chains of monomers joined together
what are monomers?
small, basic molecular units.
what are 3 examples of monomers?
Monosaccharides, amino acids and nucleotides.
what elements do all carbohydrates contain?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen.
what monomers are carbohydrates made of?
monosaccharides.
what type of sugar is glucose?
hexose sugar
what is a hexose sugar?
Monosaccharide with six carbon atoms in each molecule.
what are the 2 types of glucose?
alpha and beta.
what are both alpha and beta glucose?
isomers.
what are isomers?
molecules with the same molecular formula as each other but with the atoms connected in a different way.
how do alpha and beta glucose differ?
In alpha, the hydroxyl group on carbon one is below the ring and in beta, the hydroxyl group on carbon 1 is above.
what is a condensation reaction?
when 2 molecules join together with the formation of a new chemical bond and a water molecule is released when the bond is formed.
how are monosaccharides joined together?
by condensation reactions.
what bond forms between 2 monosaccharides as a molecule of water is released?