Bonding, Structure, and Properties of Matter

• What are the three strong chemical bonds mentioned?

  Ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds
• What type of atoms does ionic bonding occur between?

  Metal and non-metal atoms
• What are the three strong chemical bonds mentioned?

  Ionic, covalent, and metallic
• What is ionic bonding?


  Ionic bonding occurs between metal and non-metal atoms and involves the transfer of electrons.
• What causes ionic bonding?

  Ionic bonding is caused by oppositely charged ions.
• What is covalent bonding?


  Covalent bonding occurs between non-metal atoms and involves the sharing of pairs of electrons.
• What is metallic bonding?

  Metallic bonding occurs in metal elements and alloys and involves sharing delocalized electrons.
• What happens to electrons during ionic bonding?

  Electrons are transferred from the metal atom to the non-metal atom.
• What is the electron configuration of sodium?

  2, 8, 1
• How many protons does sodium have?

  11 protons
• Why is sodium neutral?

  Because it has an equal number of protons and electrons.
• What is the electron configuration of chlorine?

  2, 8, 7
• How many protons does chlorine have?

  17 protons
• What happens during the chemical reaction between sodium and chlorine?

  One electron is transferred from sodium to chlorine.
• What is the result of the electron transfer in sodium chloride?

  Sodium becomes a sodium ion and chlorine becomes a chloride ion.
• What charge does a sodium ion have?

  Positive charge
• What charge does a chloride ion have?

  Negative charge
• What is the electrostatic force of attraction?

  It is the attraction between oppositely charged ions.
• What is the structure of ionic compounds like?

  Ionic compounds have giant lattice structures held together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction.
• What are the properties of ionic compounds?

  Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points and cannot conduct electricity in solid form.
• Why can ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water or molten?

  Because ions are free to move and charge can flow.
• What is covalent bonding?

  Covalent bonding occurs when atoms share pairs of electrons.
• What is the formula for chlorine gas?


  Cl₂
• How do chlorine atoms bond in chlorine gas?


  They share one pair of electrons to form a covalent bond.
• What is the significance of a full outer shell in covalent bonding?

  A full outer shell indicates a stable arrangement of electrons.
• How is hydrogen chloride formed?

  By sharing a pair of electrons between hydrogen and chlorine atoms.
• How is water formed?

  By sharing electrons between oxygen and two hydrogen atoms.
• What is a double bond in covalent bonding?

  A double bond involves sharing two pairs of electrons between atoms.
• How is nitrogen bonded in a nitrogen molecule?


  Nitrogen atoms share three pairs of electrons to form a triple bond.
• What is the structure of ammonia?

  Ammonia consists of one nitrogen atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms.
• What is the structure of methane?

  Methane consists of one carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms.
• What are the properties of substances made of small molecules?

  They have relatively low melting and boiling points due to weak intermolecular forces.
• What is the melting point of oxygen?

  • 219°C
• What is the boiling point of oxygen?

  • 183°C
• Why do substances made of small molecules have low melting and boiling points?

  Because weak intermolecular forces require only a small amount of energy to overcome.
• How do intermolecular forces change with molecule size?

  Intermolecular forces increase with molecule size.
• What is the difference between covalent bonds and intermolecular forces?

  Covalent bonds are strong bonds between atoms, while intermolecular forces are weak attractions between molecules.
• What are the properties of polymers?

  Polymers have strong covalent bonds and relatively strong intermolecular forces, making them solid at room temperature.
• What are giant covalent structures?

  Giant covalent structures are solids with very high melting points where all atoms are linked by covalent bonds.
• What is the structure of diamond?

  Diamond is made of carbon atoms arranged in a giant lattice structure.