Animal tissues, organs and systems

Created by

Ellie MacKay

Cards (92)

The main function of the digestive system
To digest food and absorb the nutrients obtained from digestion
What is the role of the pancrease and the salivary gland in the digestive system
The pancreas and the salivary gland are glands which produce digestive juices containing enzymes
What is the role of the stomach in the digestive system
Produces hydrochloric acid , which kills any bacteria present and provides the optimum acidic ph for the protease enzyme to function
What is the role of the small intestine in the digestive system
The small intestine is the site where soluble food molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream
What is the role of the liver in the digestive system
Produces bile (stored in the gallbladder) which emulsifies lipids and allows the lipase enzyme to work more efficiently
What’s the role of the large intestine in the digestive system
Absorbs water from undigested food, producing faeces
What is the role of enzymes in the digestive system
Enzymes act as biological catalysts which speed up the rate of biological reactions (the breakdown of food) without being used up
How does the shape of an enzyme affect its function
Enzymes have a specific active site which is complementary to their substrate
What is a metabolism
The sum of all the reactions in a cell or an organism
What types of metabolic reactions do enzymes catalyse
Building larger molecules from smaller molecules e.g. glucose to starch
changing one molecule to another
breaking down larger molecules into smaller molecules e.g. carbohydrates to glucose
What is the lock and key hypothesis
The shape of the enzyme active site and the substrate are complementary so can bind together to form an enzyme substrate complex
How does temperature affect enzyme action
Up to a certain point, increasing temperature increases enzyme action, as molecules have a higher kinetic energy. Above a certain temperature, the shape of the active site is altered and the enzyme becomes denatured, so it can no longer catalyse the reaction. The optimum temperature is around 37°
How does ph affect enzyme function
The optimum ph for most enzymes is 7 ( apart from proteases in the stomach). If the ph is too extreme the shape of the active site may be altered and the enzyme may no longer work
Where is carbohydrase produced in the body
Amylase, salivary gland and pancreas
maltase, small intestine
Where is protease produced in the body
Pepsin, stomach
others, pancreas, small intestine
Where is lipase produced in the body
Lipases, pancreas and small intestine
What is the role of carbohydrases in the digestive system
They break down carbohydrates into monosaccharides and disaccharides. Amylase breaks down starch into maltose and maltase breaks down maltose into glucose
What is the role of protease in the digestive system
It breaks down proteins into amino acids
What is the role of Limassol in the digestive system
It breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
How are the products of digestion used
They’re used to build bigger molecules such as carbohydrates and proteins. Glucose is used as a substrate in respiration
Where is bile made and stored in the body
It’s made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder
What’s the role of bile in the digestive system
It’s an alkaline substance which neutralises the hydrochloric acid secreted by the stomach
bile emulsifies lipids to form droplets, this increases the surface area for the lipase enzyme to work on
What is the heart
An organ that pumps blood around the body
What is the purpose of the circulatory system
Carries oxygen and other useful substances to bodily tissue and removes waste substances
How does the double circulatory system work
One pathway carries blood from the heart to the lungs where the gaseous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place
one pathway carries blood from the heart to the tissues
Where does blood pumped by the right ventricle go
The lungs
Where does blood pumped by the left ventricle go
Body tissues
Why is the double circulatory system important
It makes the circulatory system more efficient. For example oxygenated blood can be pumped around the body at a higher pressure by the left ventricle
How many chambers does the heart have and what are they called
4
right atrium
right ventricle
left atrium
left ventricle
Why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker
It has to pump blood at a higher pressure around the whole body
What are the four main blood vessels associated with the heart
aorta(left) carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body
pulmonary vein(left) carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
vena cava(right) carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart
pulmonary artery(right) carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
What’s the purpose of valves in the heart
Prevent the black flow of blood
What is the purpose of coronary arteries
They supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood
Describe the process of blood flow through the heart
Blood Exeter the right atrium via the vena cava and the left atrium via the pulmonary vein
the atria contract forcing blood into the ventricles and causing valves to shut
after the ventricles contract blood in the right ventricle enters the pulmonary artery (to the lungs) and blood in the left ventricle enters the aorta (to the body)
What is the approximate value of the natural resting heart rate
70 beats per minute
How is the heart rate controlled
It’s controlled by a group of cells in the right atrium which act as a pacemaker. They release waves of electrical activity which cause the heart muscle to contract
How can an abnormal heart rhythm be treated
Irregular heart rhythms can be treated using an artificial pacemaker which sends out electrical signals to correct the hearts rhythm
What are the three types of blood vessels in the body
Arteries
veins
capillaries
How are arteries adapted for their function
Function:carry blood away from the heart
thick muscle layer adds strength to resist high pressure
thick elastic layer allows arteries to stretch and recoil in order to withstand high pressure
How are veins adapted for their function
Function: carry blood towards the heart
wide lumen enables low pressure
valves prevent black flow of blood