C11: Intelligence

• Intelligence is the ability to learn from experience, solve problems and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
• Intelligence is not a "thing" reification; it's a socially constructed concept
• Intelligence is a scribed quality (eg. beauty) is what cultures/people define as intelligence (cultural differences)
• Intelligence is an achieved level of intellectual performance
• Intelligence is inherent mental capacity; an innate ability (less influenced by culture, etc.)
• Two types of intelligence: General and Multiple
• General Intelligence was created by Charles Spearman
• General Intelligence underlies all mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test
• Multiple Intelligences was a theory proposed by Howard Gardner
• Multiple Intelligences suggested that individuals have several different types of intelligence, all equally valuable and important
• Multiple Intelligences have at least eight different types of intelligences: Linguistic, Logical-mathematical, Musical, Bodily-kinesthetic, Spatial, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal and Naturalist
• Linguistic intelligence refers to ones ability to communicate, read and write
• Logical-mathematical intelligence refers to ones ability to analyze, reason and solve abstract problems
• Musical intelligence refers to ones natural talent and sensitivity to music
• Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence refers to ones ability to use their body in physical activities
• Spatial intelligence refers to ones ability to manipulate objects and images
• Interpersonal intelligence refers to ones ability to understand and connect with others
• Intrapersonal intelligence refers to ones ability to understand and manage their own emotions and thoughts
• Naturalistic intelligence refers to ones ability to understand and function in nature
• Alfred Binet and Lewis Terman both played a part in the development of the IQ test
• Stanford-Binet test is a cognitive ability assessment used to measure intelligence, examining fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing and working memory
• Intelligence Quotient (IQ) is defined originally as the ratio of mental age to chronological age (ma/ca x 100 = IQ)
• Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and its companion versions for children are the most widely used intelligence tests that contains verbal and performance subtests
• Flynn effect is a well-documented phenomenon in which average scores on intelligence tests increased worldwide through the 1900 to 1990s
• Reliability is how consistent results are on two halves of the test, on alternative forms of the test or on retesting
• Standardization is the process of setting a standard or norm for a measure or scale
• Validity is the extent to which a test measure or predicts what it is supposed to predict
• Achievement tests were tests designed to assess what a person has learned/achieved
• Aptitude tests were tests designed to predict a person's future performance
• Analytical intelligence is based on the ability to academically problem solve
• Creative intelligence is based on the ability to adapt to novel situations and ideas
• Practical intelligence is based on the ability to deal with everyday problems effectively
• Eugenics is a set of beliefs and practices that aim to improve genetic quality of a human population
• Stereotype threat is a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
• Crystallized intelligence is our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills that tends to increase with age
• Fluid intelligence is our ability to reason speedily and abstractly that tends to decrease with age (especially during late adulthood)
• Emotional intelligence is the ability to perceive, understand, manage and use emotions
• Sternberg's triarchic theory proposed three intelligences: Analytical, Creative and Practical