Gender and achievement

• What do Mac and Ghaill argue is the cause of male subcultures?


  Crisis of masculinity
• What is the crisis of masculinity?


  The shift of social norms has changed the definition of masculinity
• How might teacher expectations explain boys underachievement?


  Teacher may negatively label boys as disruptive and have lower expectations for them
• How might the feminisation of the work-force affect boys?


  Boys have less male role models available and as a result have lower expectations
• How might socialisation explain girls overachievement?


  Girls are socialised into the ways of behaving in school environments
• How might changes in laws aid girl overachievement?

  New polices may create more equal opportunities for girls achievement
• What does Sharpe argue abut girls aspirations?


  Girls aspirations have changed and become more career centered
• What does Jackson argue about boys labelling?


  Schools negatively label boys and associate them with bad behavior
• What is quality of interaction proposed by Swann and Graddol?


  Girls spend more time with teachers for help whilst teachers time spent with boys is mostly for behavior management
• What did Mitsos and Browne argue about female role modes?


  The feminisation of the work place has increased the amount of female role models which leads to higher aspirations