digestion part 2

• Bile Duct & Pancreatic Duct

  Join duodenum at hepatopancreatic ampulla, enter at major duodenal papilla, controlled by hepatopancreatic sphincter.
• Plicae Circulares


  Permanent circular folds forcing chyme spiral motion in the small intestine.
• Villi


  Fingerlike extensions increasing surface area for absorption in the small intestine.
• Microvilli


  Tiny projections of absorptive cells with brush border enzymes in the small intestine.
• Intestinal Juice


  Secreted in response to mucosal irritation, aiding nutrient absorption in the small intestine.
• Carbohydrate Digestion


  Partially digested in duodenum, absorbed via cotransport & facilitated diffusion.
• Protein Digestion


  Involves pepsin in the stomach, trypsin & chymotrypsin in the small intestine.
• Fatty Acid Absorption


  Monoglycerides & fatty acids enter cells via diffusion, forming chylomicrons for transport.
• Large Intestine Features


  Includes teniae coli, haustra, and epiploic appendages for unique functions.
• Rectum & Anus Sphincters

  Internal anal sphincter (smooth muscle) & external anal sphincter (skeletal muscle) control defecation.
• Defecation Reflex


  Process of expelling feces controlled by nervous reflexes.
• Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)


  Inappropriate esophageal sphincter relaxation causing heartburn.
• Constipation


  Difficulty passing dry or hard bowel movements.
• Diarrhea


  Loose/watery feces caused by various factors like infections or stress.
• Gallstones


  Solid particles in the gallbladder formed from bile components.
• Hepatitis


  Liver inflammation from viruses, drugs, or alcohol.
• Cirrhosis


  Liver scarring from various causes leading to impaired function.
• Crohn's & Ulcerative Colitis


  Inflammation of the colon's inner lining causing digestive issues.
• Incontinence


  Lack of control over urination or defecation.
• Hemorrhoids


  Swollen veins in the rectum/anus due to increased pressure.
• Celiac Disease


  Autoimmune reaction to gluten damaging the small intestine.
• Iron-deficiency Anemia


  Associated with celiac disease due to impaired nutrient absorption.