ATP

• ATP contains 3 phosphate groups, nitrogenous base and 1 ribose sugar
• ATP is used as an energy source in muscle contraption, synthesis of proteins and lipids, cell division and growth, ion transport through the membrane
• when ATP is broken down, phosphate groups and ADP
• ADP = adenosine diphosphate
• energy released from ATP can be transferred to other molecules such as glucose or amino acids
• ATP is stored in the phosphoahydride bonds
• ATP is an immediate energy source
• describe the roles of calcium ions and ATP in contraction of a myofibril?

  calcium ions diffuse into microfibrils from sarcoplasmic reticulum this causes movement of tropomyosin on actin which causes exposure of binding site. myosin heads attach to the bending site on actin. hydrolysis of ATP causes myosin heads to bend which pull actin molecules
• properties of ATP: high energy, small, soluble, and stable
• why is solution that's in mitochondria suspended isotonic?


  prevent damage of mitochondria from water
• why is glucose not used as a respiratory substrate?

  glucose cant fit through the mitochondria and glucose is only broken down during glycolysis
• how is NAD regenerated in anaerobic respiration in yeast cells?

  hydrogen ions are released to pyruvate
• what's the advantage do mitochondria in muscle cells having more cristae?

  larger surface area for electron transport chain so more enzymes for ATP production
• what happens to energy when its not incorporated into ATP?

  released by heat
• whats the advantage when someone breaths rapidly?

  lactate acid has been produced so more oxygen is being brought into the body. this is then converted into pyruvate