IDA

• Gender bias

  differential treatment of males + females
• Androcentrism

  a study conducted on males but generalised to females
• Alpha bias 


  when the differences between men + women are shown but may be exaggerated
• Beta bias

  when the differences between the 2 sexes are ignored or minimised
• universality

  theories applying to all people regardless of gender to culture
• Example of alpha bias

  Freuds research - argued femininity is failed masculinity
• Example of beta bias 


  Zimbardo, Milgram
• Cultural bias

  the tendency to judge all people in terms of your own cultural assumptions
• Cultural relativism 


  the view that behaviour cannot be judged properly unless it is views in the context of culture
• ethnocentrism

  Centred around one ethnicity
• Cultural alpha bias

  tendency to exaggerate difference between ethnicities
• Cultural beta bias


  tendency to ignore differences between ethnicities
• Example of cultural beta bias


  American IQ test is used all over the world
• Example of cultural alpha bias

  Meads research into Papua New Guinea - gender differences due to culture
• Determinism

  Individuals are controlled by either internal or external forces
• Free will

  each individual has the power to make choices about their behaviour
• 3 Types of determinism

  Biological, environmental and psychic
• Biological determinism

  Genetics influence behaviours eg intelligence
• Environmental determinism

  our behaviour is caused by the environment we are in eg conditioning
• Psychic determinism

  our behaviour is determined by out past life experiences
• Two types of determinism

  Soft and hard
• Hard determinism

  all behaviours can be predicted and therefore there is no free will
• Soft determinism

  allows a little element of free will
• Nature

  innate biological factors
• Nurture

  behaviour is a product of environmental influences
• Example of nurture

  Social learning theory, Conditioning
• Examples of nature

  Twin studies on Sz
• Reductionism

  human behaviour can be explained by breaking it down into smaller components
• Holism

  focuses on systems as a whole rather than on constituent parts
• Examples of holism

  humanistic + cognitive
• Levels of reductionalism

  Highest ( social + cultural) middle ( cognitive, behavioural + environmental) and lowest ( neurochemistry, genetics + brain structures)
• Idiographic 


  understanding behaviour through studying individual case studies. It uses qualitative methods
• Nomothetic 


  understanding behaviour through developing general laws that apply to all people. Uses quantitive methods
• Ethical issues

  privacy, confidentiality, deception, consent
• Socially sensitive

  The research process may have social consequences