type 1 diabetes

• what is type 1 diabetes

  it is when your pancreases doesn't make insulin or makes very little insulin. insulin helps blood sugar enter the cells in your body to use as energy. without insulin blood sugar cant get into cells and build up in the bloodstream. high blood sugar is damaging to the body and causes many of the symptoms and complications of diabetes.
• what causes type 1 diabetes

  it is thought to be caused by an autoimmune reaction (the body attacks itself by mistake). this reaction destroys the cells in the pancreas that make insulin called beta cells. this process can go on got months or years before any symptoms appear. some people have certain genes to make them more likely to develop type 1. however many wont go on to have type 1 unless there is a trigger (virus)
• Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test

  this blood test shows your average blood sugar levels for the past 2 to 3 mouths. it measures the amount of blood sugar attached to to the oxygen carrying protein in the red blood cells(hemoglobin). the higher the blood sugar levels, the more hemoglobin you'll have with sugar attached. an A1C level of 6.5% or higher on two separate test could mean you have diabetes.
• Random blood sugar test

  .A blood sample will be taken at a random time and may be confirmed by additional tests. Blood sugar values are expressed in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or millimoles per liter (mmol/L). No matter when you last ate, a random blood sugar level of 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) or higher suggests diabetes
• Fasting blood sugar test


  A blood sample will be taken after you don’t eat (fast) overnight. A fasting blood sugar level less than 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) is healthy. A fasting blood sugar level from 100 to 125 mg/dL (5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L) is considered prediabetes. If it’s 126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) or higher on two separate tests, you have diabetes.
• Urinate (pee) a lot

  Polyuria in diabetes occurs when you have excess levels of sugar in the blood. Normally, when your kidneys create urine, they reabsorb all of the sugar and direct it back to the bloodstream. With type 1 diabetes, excess glucose ends up in the urine, where it pulls more water and results in more urine.
• Are very thirsty

  When the kidneys can’t keep up, extra sugar goes into the urine. And it takes along fluids from the body’s tissues. That causes dehydration, which usually leads to a feeling of thirst
• Lose weight without trying

  In people with diabetes, insufficient insulin prevents the body from getting glucose from the blood into the body's cells to use as energy. When this occurs, the body starts burning fat and muscle for energy, causing a reduction in overall body weight.
• Are very hungry

  Without enough insulin, glucose builds up in your blood, causing hyperglycemia (high blood sugar). Glucose (sugar) is the main form of energy your body uses from the food you eat. Without enough insulin, your body can't use glucose for energy. This lack of energy usage causes an increase in hunger.
• Have blurry vision

  Diabetic retinopathy is caused when high blood sugar damages blood vessels in the retina (a light-sensitive layer of cells in the back of the eye). Damaged blood vessels can swell and leak, causing blurry vision or stopping blood flow
• Have numb or tingling hands or feet

  uncontrolled high blood sugar damages nerves and interferes with their ability to send signals, leading to diabetic neuropathy. High blood sugar also weakens the walls of the small blood vessels (capillaries) that supply the nerves with oxygen and nutrients
• Short-acting insulin

  Sometimes called regular insulin, this type starts working around 30 minutes after injection. It reaches peak effect at 90 to 120 minutes and lasts about 4 to 6 hours. Examples are Humulin R, Novolin R and Afrezza.
• Rapid-acting insulin

  This type of insulin starts working within 15 minutes. It reaches peak effect at 60 minutes and lasts about 4 hours. This type is often used 15 to 20 minutes before meals. Examples are glulisine (Apidra), lispro (Humalog, Admelog and Lyumjev) and aspart (Novolog and FiAsp).
• Intermediate-acting insulin

  .Also called NPH insulin, this type of insulin starts working in about 1 to 3 hours. It reaches peak effect at 6 to 8 hours and lasts 12 to 24 hours. Examples are insulin NPH (Novolin N, Humulin N).
• injections

  You can use a fine needle and syringe or an insulin pen to inject insulin under the skin. Insulin pens look like ink pens and are available in disposable or refillable varieties.If you choose shots (injections), you’ll probably need a mixture of insulin types to use during the day and night
• insulin pumps 


  This is a small device worn on the outside of your body that you program to deliver specific amounts of insulin throughout the day and when you eat. A tube connects a reservoir of insulin to a catheter that’s inserted under the skin of your abdomen.
• Multidisciplinary team

  •Specialists involved in the delivery of diabetes care must work in multidisciplinary teams for care to be truly effective. They should have received extensive training accredited at a national level. Specialist teams should comprise physicians, nurses, podiatrists, dietitians and clinical psychologists, who will also collaborate with many other specialists who might be incorporated into the team.