The repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of words in close succession
Allusion
An indirect reference to a concept or theme without explicit mention
Antithesis
The direct opposite of a concept or person
Archetype
A person or thing who is a typical example of something, usually a personality type, with clear, recognisable characteristics
Caricature
An imitation where particular notable characteristics are exaggerated to a comic or grotesque effect
Colloquialism
An informal word or phrase used in normal or familiar conversation
Connotation
An impression, idea, or feeling associated with a word or phrase beyond its literal meaning
Dramatic irony
When the audience knows more about a situation than the characters discussing or experiencing it, meaning they know whether a character's prediction or statement is correct
Dichotomy
A division or contrast between two opposed things
Epithet
Referring to a person or thing with an adjective or phrase that describes a defining characteristic (e.g. "the blue-eyed boy" or "the Once and Future King")
Epitome
A perfect example or embodiment of a concept
Euphemism
Replacement of a crude or offensive expression with a more vague, mild expression (e.g. "water closet")
Foreshadowing
Giving a hint or warning of a future event, either explicitly or implicitly
Grotesque
Ugly and distorted, physically or figuratively, in a way that is comic or repulsive
Hyperbole
Exaggerating in a way that should not be taken literally
Imagery
Using language to create a visual picture
Innuendo
An implicit remark or hint, particularly one that is supposed to be suggestive or inappropriate
Interjection
A sudden remark, used often as an interruption or aside in a text
Juxtaposition
Two contrasting concepts or characters placed close together in a text
Manifestation
A physical expression or realisation of an abstract idea through a character, object, place, or event
Metaphor
Describing a person, object, or concept as something it cannot literally be, but that has recognisable and defining implications for it (e.g. "the sky was a stormy sea")
Oxymoron
A figure of speech where two contradictory terms are used in succession (e.g. "deafening quiet")
Parody
Imitating a particular style, genre, or piece of work with deliberate exaggeration to create a comic effect
Sarcasm
Saying the opposite of what one means or something that is obviously not true or reasonable, in order to mock or show contempt
Satire
Using irony, exaggeration, humour, or ridicule to criticise someone's stupidity or cruel behaviour, particularly in a political context
Semantic field
Using words that are linked by a particular concept, context, or connotation throughout a text or a section of a text
Sibilance
The repetition of an "s" sound in a word, sentence, or section of text
Simile
Comparing something to something else in a nonliteral way, in order to convey a particular idea or quality of the original thing
Situational irony
When the outcome of an event is different than what was expected by the characters and the audience
Symbolism
Using a character, object, or event to represent something else, particularly an abstract idea
Book-ending
Starting and ending a piece of literature with the same word, sentence, event, or idea
Chinese Box Narrative
When a story is told within a story, often through different perspectives and forms (e.g. letters, diary entries, or word of mouth)
Chronological
When events are told in the order they occurred
Cyclical
When the same sequence of events repeats throughout a story
Exposition
Information provided through stage directions, narration, dialogue, or description, used to introduce the audience to crucial background information
In media res
When a story begins in the middle of the action, rather than at the beginning
In media res
Starting in the middle of the action
Parallelism
Using components that are similar in grammar, structure, or meaning within a sentence or multiple sentences (e.g. "He came, he saw, he conquered")
Refrain
A word, phrase, or sentence that is repeated throughout a text
Tricolon
Three parallel clauses, words, or phrases in quick succession (e.g. "Eye it, try it, buy it")