Paper 2 practicals

• rates of reaction

  1. Add calcium carbonate to conical flask
  2. Using measuring cylinder measure hydrochloride acid into flask and immediately attach gas syringe
  3. Measure how much has is produced every 20 seconds and put into a table
  4. Repeat steps with different concentrations of hydrochloride acid
  5. keep temperature, volume of acid and mass of calcium carbonate the same
  6. calculate rate of reaction (volume / time) and compare
• Chromatography

  1. Draw a line in pencil across chromatography paper, about 1cm above the bottom
  2. place a spot of the ink on pencil line
  3. hang piece of paper in a beaker as add a small amount of solvent (e.g ethanol, NOT water). Don’t cover pencil line
  4. allow solvent to rise up
  5. record how far solvent has moved, as well as each spot of ink tested.
  6. calculate Rf value. If thy match, ink is a copy
• Flame test: Lithium


  Crimson
• Flame test: sodium

  Yellow
• Flame test: potassium

  lilac
• Flame test: calcium

  Orange-red
• Flame test: Copper

  Green
• Metal hydroxide precipitate test: aluminium

  White - dissolves in excess sodium hydroxide solution
• Metal hydroxide precipitate test: calcium


  White
• Metal hydroxide precipitate test: magnesium


  White
• Metal hydroxide precipitate test: copper(II) 


  Blue
• Metal hydroxide precipitate test: Iron(II)


  Green
• Metal hydroxide precipitate test: Iron (III)


  Brown
• Testing for negatively charged ions: Chloride


  White
• Testing for negatively charged ions: Bromide


  Cream
• Testing for negatively charged ions: Iodide


  Yellow
• Water practical

  1. Pour a sample of the sea water into a boiling tube, and connect to a delivery tube.
  2. Suspend delivery tube (surrounded by ice and water in a beaker) and set up Bunsen burner under boiling tube
  3. heat sample of sea water until pure water collects in test tube
  4. If water is pure, it’s boiling point will be 100 degrees Celsius