Animals

• Classification criteria for invertebrates

  • Coelum
  • Symmetry
  • Developmental pattern
  • Segmentation
• Triploblastic


  Has all three germ layers
• Diploblastic


  Has only 2 germ layers
• Names of germ layers

  • Endoderm (digestive organs)
  • Ectoderm (skin & nervous tissue)
  • Mesoderm (muscles & bones)
• Coelom types


  • Acelomate (no body cavities)
  • Pseudocelomate ("false" cavities)
  • Celomate (body cavities)
• Protostome


  Mouth to anus
• Deuterostome


  Anus to mouth
• Phyla of invertebrates


  • Porifria
  • Cnidaria
  • Platyhelminths
  • Nematoda
  • Annelida
  • Mollusca
  • Arthopoda
  • Echinodermata
• Characteristics shared by all chordates

  • Notochord
  • Dorsal hollow nerve space
  • Post-anal tail
  • Pharyngeal gill slits/pouch
• Chordate


  Has notochord (spinal cord)
• Vertebrate


  Well developed vertebral column
• Gnathostome


  Has a jaw
• Amniote


  Reproduces with amniotic egg
• Chordate groups


  • Urochodata
  • Cephalocordata
  • Agnatha
  • Chondrichthyes
  • Actinopterygii
  • Sarcopterygii
  • Amphibia
  • Reptilia
  • Aves
  • Mammalia
• Actinopterygii


  Perch fish, bony skeleton, swim bladder for buoyancy, hard scales, paired fins, operculum
• Sarcopterygii


  First fish with limbs, like to amphibians, thick fins with bones in, respire via gills, can have teeth
• Features of all reptiles

  • Connection to birds (heart structure, endothermic, parental, scales, build nests)
  • How crocodilians are different (4 chambered heart with 2 circuits)
• Features of all birds


  • Feathers/wings
  • Hollow bones
  • Reptilian scales on legs
  • Parental care
  • Small clutches
  • Endothermic
  • 4 chambered heart, 2 circuits
  • Altrical (undeveloped young) or precocial (more developed young)
• Features of all mammals

  • Hair/fur
  • Mammary glands
  • Endothermic
  • 4 chambered heart
  • Parental care
  • Differential teeth